ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2019
Cytokine and immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuro-inflammatory diseases.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Global research trends in neurosyphilis: a bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2024.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of thoracic manipulation with trigger point therapy on inflammatory cytokine levels in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Trial
- Deletion of a distal IRF4 element prevents inflammation-induced reprogramming of human regulatory T cell fate.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Putative mechanisms of ocular inflammation in syphilis.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Review
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Recombinant CXCL16 reduces brain injury by modulating microglial phenotype and attenuating apoptosis in acute ischemic stroke.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Biomarkers of Lyme neuroborreliosis: a systematic review.Infection · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation-associated thalamocortical functional connectivity and cognition in older adults.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Neuroinflammation: Mitochondrial Targets and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- CSF Proteins Associated With Neuroaxonal Damage in Early Active Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Unsupervised clustering of clinical and laboratory features of systemic lupus erythematosus: insights from a multicentre cohort.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Chronification of Pain.Pain and therapy · 2026Review
- Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- CSF Leukocytes in Intracranial Infections: Diagnostic, Mechanistic, and Therapeutic Insights for Neurocritical Care.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- The emerging role of B cells in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Paediatric cerebrospinal fluid immune profiling distinguishes paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis from other paediatric-onset acute neurological disorders.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Natural killer T cells as therapeutic targets for neuroinflammatory disorders.Animal cells and systems · 2026Review
- Diagnostic value of CSF CXCL8 combined with total protein for neurosyphilis: a logistic regression and ROC analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune profiling in trigeminal neuralgia reveals altered cytokine and chemokine signatures in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCytokines play multiple roles during neuro-inflammatory processes and several cytokines have been studied in the context of specific diseases. This study provides a comprehensive picture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes during neuro-inflammation by analyzing multiple cytokines in combination with immune cell subsets and standard CSF parameters.
methodsUsing multiplex assays, we simultaneously measured 36 cytokines (CCL1-3, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL19, CCL20, CCL22-27, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL11-13, CXCL16, CX3CL1, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL16, GM-CSF, IFNγ, MIF, TNFα, and MIB1β) in the CSF and serum of 75 subjects. Diagnoses included clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 18), secondary progressive MS (n = 8), neuro-syphilis (n = 6), Lyme neuro-borreliosis (n = 13), bacterial and viral meningitis (n = 20), and patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND, n = 10). Cytokine concentrations were correlated with CSF standard parameters and CSF immune cell subsets (CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, plasmablasts, monocytes, and NK cells) quantified by flow cytometry.
resultsWe observed increased levels of multiple cytokines (26/36) in patients with neuro-inflammatory diseases when compared to NIND that consistently correlated with CSF cell count and Q
conclusionsUnder conditions of neuro-inflammation, multiple CSF cytokines are regulated in parallel and most likely produced locally. A combined increase of CSF CXCL13 levels and B cells occurs under conditions of an intact BBB. Under conditions of a disrupted BBB, CSF NK cells show significantly increased values and seem to have a major contribution to overall inflammatory processes, reflected by a strong correlation with multiple cytokines. Future studies are necessary to address the exact kinetics of these cytokines during neuro-inflammation and their relation to specific diseases phenotypes.
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Registered trials
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