ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
The Role of Iron and Siderophores in Infection, and the Development of Siderophore Antibiotics.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Mechanisms of Reduced Susceptibility to Cefiderocol Among Isolates from the CREDIBLE-CR and APEKS-NP Clinical Trials.Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2022Trial
- Iron serum levels and iron homeostasis parameters in patients with nosocomial pneumonia treated with cefiderocol: post hoc analysis of the APEKS-NP study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Trial
- A novel approach to improving solubility of drugs: chelation-assisted solubility enhancement (CHASE).Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Homo-/Heterodimeric Substrates Bias the Type and Multiplicity of Hydroxamic Acid Chelators Assembled by a NIS Synthetase DesD.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- The Correlation between Binding and Transport of a Siderophore Complex through Its TonB-Dependent Transporter.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Article
- Paleopathology Meets Public Health: Deep-Time Syndemics and the Ecology of Emerging Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- From hype to hope: reanimating phage therapy through evidence-based multidisciplinarity.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Trojan Horses: Conjugating Siderophores and Antibiotics-A New Approach to TreatingMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Dietary iron and metal-based growth differentially modulate growth and gut microbiome of weaned piglets.Animal microbiome · 2026Article
- Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacterial Siderophore Production in Metal-Rich Environments: Underexplored Sources of Siderophores and Insights into Bioremediation.Journal of natural products · 2026Review
- Beyond new pills: integrative strategies to overcome multidrug-resistant bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Breaking the outer membrane barrier: structure, targets, and antimicrobial strategies for Gram-negative bacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Pulmonary Abscess, Endophthalmitis, and Lumbar Spine Infection Attributable to InvasiveInfection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Revolutionizing Antibiotic Delivery: Harnessing 3D-Printing Technology to Combat Bacterial Resistance.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Avian PathogenicVeterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Siderophore cephalosporins.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth, replication, and metabolism. Humans store iron bound to various proteins such as hemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin, limiting the availability of free iron for pathogenic bacteria. However, bacteria have developed various mechanisms to sequester or scavenge iron from the host environment. Iron can be taken up by means of active transport systems that consist of bacterial small molecule siderophores, outer membrane siderophore receptors, the TonB-ExbBD energy-transducing proteins coupling the outer and the inner membranes, and inner membrane transporters. Some bacteria also express outer membrane receptors for iron-binding proteins of the host and extract iron directly from these for uptake. Ultimately, iron is acquired and transported into the bacterial cytoplasm. The siderophores are small molecules produced and released by nearly all bacterial species and are classified according to the chemical nature of their iron-chelating group (ie, catechol, hydroxamate, α-hydroxyl-carboxylate, or mixed types). Siderophore-conjugated antibiotics that exploit such iron-transport systems are under development for the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Despite demonstrating high in vitro potency against pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria, further development of several candidates had stopped due to apparent adaptive resistance during exposure, lack of consistent in vivo efficacy, or emergence of side effects in the host. However, cefiderocol, with an optimized structure, has advanced and has been investigated in phase 1 to 3 clinical trials. This article discusses the mechanisms implicated in iron uptake and the challenges associated with the design and utilization of siderophore-mimicking antibiotics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.