ReviewJournal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases2016
Miliary tuberculosis: A new look at an old foe.
Review in Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Characteristics of People With Extrapulmonary and Disseminated Tuberculosis: A 23-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in People Without HIV Without Pharmacological Immunosuppression.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Disseminated endometrial tuberculosis simulating endometrial cancer in an immunocompetent patient: a case report.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2026Article
- Successful treatment by high dose glucocorticoid of miliary tuberculosis complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Isolated pelvic tuberculosis mimicking a gynecologic emergency: a case report and review of literature.International journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
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- Atypical disseminated tuberculosis with multi-organ involvement and secondary infertility in an immunocompetent female: a case report and review of the literature.International journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
- Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in HIV-negative hematogenous disseminated tuberculosis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- A Case of Miliary Tuberculosis Complicated by Knee Joint Tuberculosis.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Toxoplasmic encephalitis unmasked during treatment for miliary tuberculosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report and literature review.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Global disease and economic burden of main mycobacterial infections in the working-age population from 1990 to 2021 with a forecast to 2045.Infectious medicine · 2025Article
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- Article
- Distinct Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary and Disseminated Tuberculosis in HIV- and Non-HIV-Associated Immunosuppression: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Disseminated tuberculosis in an immunocompetent healthy young male with nonspecific symptoms: challenges toward diagnosis-a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-beta in pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Disseminated tuberculosis masquerading as a psychiatric illness-A case report.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- The clinical features and prognostic factors of miliary tuberculosis in a high tuberculosis burden area.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Disseminated Tuberculosis Masquerading as a Uterine Cervical Mass in an Immunocompetent Young Female: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Miliary tuberculosis (TB), is a fatal form of disseminated TB characterized by tiny tubercles evident on gross pathology similar to innumerable millet seeds in size and appearance. Global HIV/AIDS pandemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs have altered the epidemiology of miliary TB. Keeping in mind its protean manifestations, clinicians should have a low threshold for suspecting miliary TB. Careful physical examination should focus on identifying organ system involvement early, particularly TB meningitis, as this has therapeutic significance. Fundus examination for detecting choroid tubercles can help in early diagnosis as their presence is pathognomonic of miliary TB. Imaging modalities help in recognizing the miliary pattern, define the extent of organ system involvement and facilitate image guided fine-needle aspiration cytology or biopsy from various organ sites. Sputum or BAL fluid examination, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid studies, fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy of the lymph nodes, needle biopsy of the liver, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, testing of body fluids must be carried out. GeneXpert MTB/RIF, line probe assay, mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing must be carried out as appropriate and feasible. Treatment of miliary TB should be started at the earliest as this can be life saving. Response to first-line anti-TB drugs is good. Screening and monitoring for complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adverse drug reactions like drug-induced liver injury, drug-drug interactions, especially in patients co-infected with HIV/AIDS, are warranted. Sparse data are available from randomized controlled trials regarding optimum regimen and duration of anti-TB treatment.
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