ReviewClinical & translational immunology2019
The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism.
Review in Clinical & translational immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Impact of Helminth Infection on Metabolic and Immune Homeostasis in Non-diabetic Obesity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Environmental factors that regulate host-helminth interactions.Trends in parasitology · 2026Review
- Butyrate, IL-4, and EP4 Receptors: A Triad of Colorectal Homeostasis, Protecting Against Onset of Cancer and IBD?BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Regulation and function of adiponectin in the intestinal epithelial cells in response to Trichinella spiralis infection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Metabolism in type 2 immune responses.Immunity · 2023Review
- Amino acid availability acts as a metabolic rheostat to determine the magnitude of ILC2 responses.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Comorbidities involving parasitic diseases: A look at the benefits and complications.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Frontiers in Parasitology Grand Challenge.Frontiers in parasitology · 2022Article
- Diminished Circulating Levels of Angiogenic Factors and Rage Ligands in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity and Reversal Following Anthelmintic Treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Eosinophils and helminth infection: protective or pathogenic?Seminars in immunopathology · 2021Review
- Basophils in antihelminth immunity.Seminars in immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Distinct Immune Profiles of Exhausted Effector and Memory CD8Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Observational
- The amalgamation of cellular metabolism and immunology for host immunity.Clinical & translational immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 immunity has recently emerged as a critical player in metabolic status, with numerous studies investigating the role of type 2 immune cells within adipose tissue. Metabolic dysfunction is often characterised as a low-grade or chronic inflammatory state within tissues, and type 2 immunity may facilitate a return to metabolic homeostasis. A complex network of type 2 resident cells including M2 macrophages, eosinophils and ILC2s has been identified within adipose tissue. Although the effector cells in this equilibrium have not been clearly identified, any alteration of the type 2 microenvironment resulted in an altered metabolic state. Historically, the type 2 immune response has been associated with helminth infection. The type 2 immune response drives host resistance and plays an important role in promoting tissue repair following the migration of helminth larvae through tissues. Although helminths are largely eradicated in developed countries, infection rates remain high in poor communities within the developing world. Interestingly, there is strong evidence that helminth infection is inversely correlated with autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. Recently, an increasing amount of epidemiological and field studies suggest that it could be the same for obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the current review, we summarise the literature linking type 2 immunity to improved adipose tissue function. We then discuss more recent evidence indicating that helminth infection can provide protection against metabolic syndrome. Lastly, we explore the possible contributions of altered nutrient uptake, adipose tissue function and/or the intestinal microbiota with the ability of helminths to alter metabolic status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.