ArticlePsychological medicine2020
Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood?
Article in Psychological medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors of developmental change in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 25-year prospective study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Watching reasoning at work: eye movement patterns of participants with ADHD solving Raven´s matrices.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Patterns of Early Development in Children with ADHD.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 · 2026Article
- Long-Term Stability of IQ Scores for Children With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Stable Global IQ But Unstable Index, Subtest, and Profile IQ Scores.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- ADHD Children Take More Time to Inhibit Automatic Responses: A Comparison with Anxiety Disorders Using NEPSY-II.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The neural and genetic underpinnings of different developmental trajectories of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms in children and adolescents.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of rope skipping exercise on working memory and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Electroencephalogram abnormalities in children have rotated error on block design performance: An university hospital child and adolescent psychiatry clinic sample.Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2023Article
- Event-related brain-oscillatory and ex-Gaussian markers of remission and persistence of ADHD.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- The Influence of State and Trait Anxiety on the Achievement of a Virtual Reality Continuous Performance Test in Children and Adolescents with ADHD Symptoms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- A longitudinal investigation of cognitive functioning and its relationship to symptom severity and academic functioning in treatment seeking youth with AHDH.Scandinavian journal of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology · 2021Article
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Sustained Attention Development in Children and Adolescents with ADHD.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2020Article
- Empirical examination of executive functioning, ADHD associated behaviors, and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD, remittent ADHD, and without ADHD.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poorer cognitive functioning. We used a developmental, genetically-sensitive approach to examine intelligence quotient (IQ) from early childhood to young adulthood among those with different ADHD courses to investigate whether changes in ADHD were reflected in differences in IQ. We also examined executive functioning in childhood and young adulthood among different ADHD courses.
methodsStudy participants were part of the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-based birth cohort of 2232 twins. We assessed ADHD in childhood (ages 5, 7, 10 and 12) and young adulthood (age 18). We examined ADHD course as reflected by remission, persistence and late-onset. IQ was evaluated at ages 5, 12 and 18, and executive functioning at ages 5 and 18.
resultsADHD groups showed deficits in IQ across development compared to controls; those with persistent ADHD showed the greatest deficit, followed by remitted and late-onset. ADHD groups did not differ from controls in developmental trajectory of IQ, suggesting changes in ADHD were not reflected in IQ. All ADHD groups performed more poorly on executive functioning tasks at ages 5 and 18; persisters and remitters differed only on an inhibitory control task at age 18.
conclusionsDifferences in ADHD course - persistence, remission and late-onset - were not directly reflected in changes in IQ. Instead, having ADHD at any point across development was associated with lower average IQ and poorer executive functioning. Our finding that individuals with persistent ADHD have poorer response inhibition than those who remitted requires replication.
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