ReviewMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England)2019
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: perspectives for therapeutic implications.
Review in Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in the treatment of adult gliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2021Pooled it
- Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, or Topotecan Added to Temozolomide for Children With Relapsed and Refractory Neuroblastoma: Results of the ITCC-SIOPEN BEACON-Neuroblastoma Trial.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Clinical and histopathological analyses of VEGF receptors peptide vaccine in patients with primary glioblastoma - a case series.BMC cancer · 2020Trial
- Deletion of themBio · 2026Article
- Reprogramming resistance in advanced lung cancer: epigenetic modulation to restore therapeutic vulnerability.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Aminated fullerene-based nanoplatform enables synergistic VEGFR2-targeted anti-angiogenesis and tumor immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Targeting Kinase Signaling in Glioblastoma: Structural Optimization, Blood-Brain Barrier Dynamics and Combinatorial Translational Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Association between PLVAP downregulation and increased lymphocyte infiltration in newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab.Brain tumor pathology · 2026Article
- Review
- Current Studies on the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment in Thyroid Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
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- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: integrating molecular insights for targeted interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Advances and challenges in immunotherapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The multidimensional regulatory network of the PD‑1/PD‑L1 axis in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment: Implications for novel combination therapies and precision immunotherapy (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
- From Antibody Drugs to RNA Interference and Nanotherapy: The Evolution and Integration of Targeted Strategies in Gastric Cancer.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The metabolic environment within solid tumors drives a complex crosstalk between macrophages and NK cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting USP22 reprograms the tumor microenvironment and sensitizes KRAS/p53-driven lung cancer to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota Reshapes the Tumor Microenvironment and Affects the Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- GPR65 Inactivation in Tumor Cells Drives Antigen-Independent CAR T-cell Resistance via Macrophage Remodeling.Cancer discovery · 2025Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The microvasculature and immune cells are major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the TME through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) which upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF, an angiogenesis stimulator, suppresses tumor immunity by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, and induces immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. HIF-1α directly induces immune checkpoint molecules. VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy as a cancer treatment has not only anti-angiogenic effects, but also immune-supportive effects. Anti-angiogenic therapy has the potential to change the immunological "cold tumors" into the "hot tumors". Glioblastoma (GB) is a hypervascular tumor with high VEGF expression which leads to development of an immuno suppressive TME. Therefore, in the last decade, several combination immunotherapies with anti-angiogenic agents have been developed for numerous tumors including GBs. In particular, combination therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy has been suggested as a synergic treatment strategy that may show favorable changes in the TME. In this article, we discuss the cross talk among immunosuppressive cells exposed to VEGF in the hypoxic TME of GBs. Current efficient combination strategies using VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy are reviewed and proposed as novel cancer treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.