ArticleDiabetologia2020
Autoimmunity plays a role in the onset of diabetes after 40 years of age.
Article in Diabetologia, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Islet-autoantibodies in gestational diabetes and risk of progression to postpartum diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Thyroid, Celiac, and Other Autoimmune Diseases and the Risk of Incident Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adulthood.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Smoking, GAD65 autoimmunity, genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and incident adult-onset diabetes in the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study.Metabologia · 2026Article
- Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune thyroiditis autoantibodies in population-based type 2 diabetes patients.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2024Article
- Consensus Guidance for Monitoring Individuals With Islet Autoantibody-Positive Pre-Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- GAD65Abs Are Not Associated With Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Patients With T2D in the GRADE Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024 · on this mapArticle
- Interaction between plasma phospholipid odd-chain fatty acids and GAD65 autoantibodies on the incidence of adult-onset diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study.Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Personalised prevention of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2022Review
- Recent information on test utilization and intraindividual change in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody in Korea: a retrospective study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2022Article
- Alterations in Biomarkers Related to Glycemia, Lipid Metabolism, and Inflammation up to 20 Years Before Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: Findings From the AMORIS Cohort.Diabetes care · 2022Article
- Lifestyle or Environmental Influences and Their Interaction With Genetic Susceptibility on the Risk of LADA.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Current Understanding and Challenges.Diabetes care · 2021Review
- Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes identified by glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies: a retrospective cohort study.Diabetologia · 2021Article
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) Is Likely to Represent a Mixed Population of Autoimmune (Type 1) and Nonautoimmune (Type 2) Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2021Review
- Interaction Between GAD65 Antibodies and Dietary Fish Intake or Plasma Phospholipid n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Incident Adult-Onset Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Study.Diabetes care · 2021Article
- The clinical consequences of heterogeneity within and between different diabetes types.Diabetologia · 2020Review
- Allostasis and the origins of adult-onset diabetes.Diabetologia · 2020Article
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29 authors at 20 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisType 1 and type 2 diabetes differ with respect to pathophysiological factors such as beta cell function, insulin resistance and phenotypic appearance, but there may be overlap between the two forms of diabetes. However, there are relatively few prospective studies that have characterised the relationship between autoimmunity and incident diabetes. We investigated associations of antibodies against the 65 kDa isoform of GAD (GAD65) with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores and incident diabetes in adults in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct, a case-cohort study nested in the EPIC cohort.
methodsGAD65 antibodies were analysed in EPIC participants (over 40 years of age and free of known diabetes at baseline) by radioligand binding assay in a random subcohort (n = 15,802) and in incident diabetes cases (n = 11,981). Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores were calculated. Associations between GAD65 antibodies and incident diabetes were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression.
resultsGAD65 antibody positivity at baseline was associated with development of diabetes during a median follow-up time of 10.9 years (HR for GAD65 antibody positive vs negative 1.78; 95% CI 1.43, 2.20) after adjustment for sex, centre, physical activity, smoking status and education. The genetic risk score for type 1 diabetes but not type 2 diabetes was associated with GAD65 antibody positivity in both the subcohort (OR per SD genetic risk 1.24; 95% CI 1.03, 1.50) and incident cases (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.72, 2.26) after adjusting for age and sex. The risk of incident diabetes in those in the top tertile of the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score who were also GAD65 antibody positive was 3.23 (95% CI 2.10, 4.97) compared with all other individuals, suggesting that 1.8% of incident diabetes in adults was attributable to this combination of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationOur study indicates that incident diabetes in adults has an element of autoimmune aetiology. Thus, there might be a reason to re-evaluate the present subclassification of diabetes in adulthood.
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