ArticleClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2020
Adaptive Immune Resistance to Intravesical BCG in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Implications for Prospective BCG-Unresponsive Trials.
Article in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Phase II Study of Durvalumab for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Unresponsive Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Trial
- Phase 1/2 Trial Results of a Large Surface Area Microparticle Docetaxel for the Treatment of High-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.The Journal of urology · 2022Trial
- Molecular Classifications and Candidate Biomarkers for Personalizing BCG Therapy in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Long-Term Impact of Historical BCG Vaccination Policies on Parkinson's Disease Risk: A Hypothesis-Generating Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Gemcitabine-Based Bladder Preservation in BCG-Unresponsive High-Risk NMIBC: Evidence, Limitations, and Clinical Positioning.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- [Advances in intravesical therapy for nonZhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Divergent macrophage-regulated T cell states determine response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine in high-risk bladder cancer.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Review
- [Treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer].Urologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Combination Strategies to Enhance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Efficacy for Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.The Journal of urology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a narrative review of evidence and future directions.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in the bladder cancer tumor microenvironment: mechanisms of immune suppression and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Bladder-Preserving Platforms for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.OncoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- BCG Induces PD-1 Upregulation on Circulating CD8Oncology research · 2026Article
- Reprogramming innate immune memory in bladder cancer: the proposed bone marrow-bladder axis and next-generation BCG-based immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tumor-intrinsic execution of interferon-γ-associated immunity in bladder cancer: checkpoints in signaling, recruitment, and recognition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- State of the art of adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial cancer: New developments and upcoming changes.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Metformin as an anti-cancer agent against bladder cancer acts via PD-L1 downregulation in an orthotopic mouse model.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Efficacy of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and risk factors for residual extravesical disease in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: insights from a nationwide cohort.International journal of clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA-sequencing of BCG naïve and recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer reveals a CD6/ALCAM-mediated immune-suppressive pathway.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo characterize immune cell expression among patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). EXPERIMENTAL
designPatients with NMIBC treated with intravesical BCG (2008-2015) were identified, and a tissue microarray was constructed using paired pre- and post-BCG bladder samples. Among patients undergoing BCG, cystoscopic evaluation began 3 months after initiating BCG treatment to determine therapeutic response. IHC was performed for CD8, CD4, FoxP3, PD-L1 (SP-142 and 22C3), and PD-1. A full slide review of PD-L1
resultsThe final cohort contained 63 pretreatment NMIBC cases, including 31 BCG responders and 32 BCG nonresponders. No differences in CD4, CD8, or FoxP3 expression were identified between responders and nonresponders. Baseline PD-L1 expression (22C3 and SP-142) was observed in 25% to 28% of nonresponders and 0% to 4% of responders (
conclusionsOne mechanism of BCG failure may be adaptive immune resistance. Baseline tumor PD-L1 expression predicts an unfavorable response to BCG and if validated, could be used to guide therapeutic decisions.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.