ArticleBMJ open2019
Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Kerala, India: results of a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence and trends of hypertension among South Asian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Pooled it
- National prevalence and regional variation in the burden of hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a community-based education and peer support led by women's self-help groups in improving the control of hypertension in urban slums of Kerala, India: a cluster randomised controlled pragmatic trial.BMJ global health · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of a School-Based Educational Intervention to Improve Hypertension Control Among Schoolteachers: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Trial
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- Hypertension in urban slums of southern India: Burden, awareness, health seeking, control and risk factor profile.Indian heart journalTrial
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- Clustering of hypertension and clustering of diabetes at the household level and variations in disease awareness within households in India: findings from a nationally representative household survey.BMJ global health · 2026Article
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- Clinico-epidemiological profile findings of the screened population under NPCDCS-Ayush (Integration of Homeopathy along with Yoga): a pilot project.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Food deserts and food insecurity in Indian medical colleges: a mixed-methods study protocol exploring myths and realities.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- A national survey-based method for monitoring noncommunicable disease risk factors among adolescents aged 15-17 years across India.MethodsX · 2025Article
- Illness to poverty in India: a qualitative exploration of hardship financing for healthcare.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Exploring Risk Constellations for Noncommunicable Diseases: A Community-Based Study From Northern India.Cureus · 2025Article
- Implementation of community-based screening program for risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the urbanized tribal population of West Bengal.Health promotion perspectives · 2025Article
- Hypertension Control Rate, Associated Factors, Facilitators, and Barriers in Kerala, India: A Mixed-Methods Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness in police officers from Kerala, India.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Sex differences in disease burden, utilization, and expenditure on primary health care services in Kerala, India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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11 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Kerala.
designA community-based, cross-sectional survey.
participantsIn 2016-2017 a multistage, cluster sample of 12 012 (aged 18-69 years) participants from all 14 districts of Kerala were studied.
main outcome measuresNCD risk factors as stipulated in the WHO's approach to NCD risk factors surveillance were studied. Parameters that were studied included physical activity score, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and morning urine sample to estimate dietary intake of salt.
resultsThe mean age was 42.5 years (SD=14.8). Abdominal obesity was higher in women (72.6%; 95% CI 70.7 to 74.5) compared with men (39.1%; 95% CI 36.6 to 41.7), and also higher among urban (67.4%; 95% CI 65.0 to 69.7) compared with rural (58.6%; 95% CI 56.6 to 60.5) residents. Current use of tobacco and alcohol in men was 20.3% (95% CI 18.6 to 22.1) and 28.9% (95% CI 26.5 to 31.4), respectively. The estimated daily salt intake was 6.7 g/day. The overall prevalence of raised BP was 30.4% (95% CI 29.1 to 31.7) and raised FBG was 19.2% (95% CI 18.1 to 20.3). Raised BP was higher in men (34.6%; 95% CI 32.6 to 36.7) compared with women (28%; 95% CI 26.4 to 29.4), but was not different between urban (33.1%; 95% CI 31.3 to 34.9) and rural (29.8%; 95% CI 28.3 to 31.3) residents. Only 12.4% of individuals with hypertension and 15.3% of individuals with diabetes were found to have these conditions under control. Only 13.8% of urban and 18.4% of rural residents did not have any of the seven NCD risk factors studied.
conclusionMajority of the participants had more than one NCD risk factor. There was no rural-urban difference in terms of raised BP or raised FBG prevalence in Kerala. The higher rates of NCD risk factors and lower rates of hypertension and diabetes control call for concerted primary and secondary prevention strategies to address the future burden of NCDs.
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