ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2019
Regulatory impairment in untreated Parkinson's disease is not restricted to Tregs: other regulatory populations are also involved.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Causal relationship between immune mediators and parkinson's disease: A Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Aberrations in peripheral B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets levels in Parkinson disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Profiling peripheral immune cells in Parkinson's disease: A scoping review.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Reduced serum interleukin-2 associates with higher motor severity and along with CD4 T cell alterations may be an early event in isolated REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Genetically predicted CXCL16 expression is associated with Parkinson's disease risk and peripheral immune cell dysregulation: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.Molecular brain · 2026Article
- Review
- Functional alterations of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in patients with Parkinson disease: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Parkinson's-Linked LRRK2 and GBA1 Mutations Modulate the Peripheral Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Perioperative Inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Observational
- Comparative effect of vortioxetine and sertraline on clinical and inflammatory profile in Parkinson's disease with comorbid depression.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The role of miRNAs in the development of Super-Tregs as a potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune and metabolic signatures characterise constipation-driven endophenotypes in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- White Blood Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Context of Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Dendritic Cells: Origin, Classification, Development, Biological Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.MedComm · 2025Review
- Genetic Variants in CytokinesLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- (Dys)regulation of the Immune System in Parkinson's Disease: Methodologies, Techniques, and Key Findings from Human Studies.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Immune mechanisms and shared immune targets in neurodegenerative diseases.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- The role of interleukin-17 in neurological disorders.Animal cells and systems · 2025Review
- Decoding the therapeutic potential mechanism ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- The immune system in Parkinson's disease: what we know so far.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Various studies have suggested that the immune response plays a key role in this pathology. While a predominantly pro-inflammatory peripheral immune response has been reported in treated and untreated PD patients, the study of the role of the regulatory immune response has been restricted to regulatory T cells. Other immune suppressive populations have been described recently, but their role in PD is still unknown. This study was designed to analyze the pro and anti-inflammatory immune response in untreated PD patients, with emphasis on the regulatory response.
methodsThirty-two PD untreated patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in this study. Peripheral regulatory cells (CD4+Tregs, Bregs, CD8+Tregs, and tolerogenic dendritic cells), pro-inflammatory cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells; active dendritic cells), and classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes were characterized by flow cytometry. Plasmatic levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35 were determined by ELISA.
resultsDecreased levels of suppressor Tregs, active Tregs, Tr1 cells, IL-10-producer CD8regs, and tolerogenic PD-L1+ dendritic cells were observed. With respect to the pro-inflammatory response, a decrease in IL-17-α and an increase in IL-13 levels were observed.
conclusionA decrease in the levels of regulatory cell subpopulations in untreated PD patients is reported for the first time in this work. These results suggest that PD patients may exhibit a deficient suppression of the pro-inflammatory response, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease.
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