ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2019
Suppressing miR-21 activity in tumor-associated macrophages promotes an antitumor immune response.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of common salivary miRNA in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- The Roles of MiRNAs (MicroRNAs) in Melanoma Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Gankyrin-mediated interaction between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages facilitates prostate cancer progression and androgen deprivation therapy resistance.Oncoimmunology · 2023Trial
- Surface-engineered milk-derived extracellular vesicles enable oral miRNA therapy against immunosuppressive pancreatic cancer.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Donor macrophage depletion permits posttransplant tolerance induction in a murine islet transplant model.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Context-dependent regulation of endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis by endothelial microRNA-33.Atherosclerosis · 2026Article
- Emerging role of microRNAs as modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- A Multi-Level miRNA Regulatory Network Associated with IRF1 Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: In Silico Identification of Candidate Biomarkers for Immunotherapy Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Functional dynamics of lncRNAs and miRNAs in cancer metabolism and neuroinflammation.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- MiR-21 Is a Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Circulating Biomarker in Pleural Mesothelioma.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Combining anti-gene γPNA with small molecules and RNA inhibitors: A strategy to enhance anti-tumor efficacy.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Matrix Metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP-9) Activatable Gold Nanoparticles forACS applied nano materials · 2026Article
- A Dually Nanobody-Engineered Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Nanomedicine Targeting Tumour-Associated Macrophages and Cancer Cells for Cancer Therapy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Advances in peptide nucleic acid for targeting RNA and genomic DNA.Cell reports. Physical science · 2026Article
- Targeted Inhibition of Oncogenic microRNAs miR-21, miR-17, and miR-155 Suppresses Tumor Growth and Modulates Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- The Role of Tumor pH in Breast Cancer Imaging: Biology, Diagnostic Applications, and Emerging Techniques.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Regulatory roles of non-coding and exosomal RNAs in colorectal cancer: spotlight on angiogenesis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- siRNA Therapeutics for the Treatment of Hereditary Diseases and Other Conditions: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immune-Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Pollutants: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Transgenerational Impact.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Lactylation-mediated miRNA regulation in cancer therapy resistance.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
microRNA-21 (miR-21) is the most commonly upregulated miRNA in solid tumors. This cancer-associated microRNA (oncomiR) regulates various downstream effectors associated with tumor pathogenesis during all stages of carcinogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the function of miR-21 in noncancer cells of the tumor microenvironment to further evaluate its contribution to tumor progression. We report that the expression of miR-21 in cells of the tumor immune infiltrate, and in particular in macrophages, was responsible for promoting tumor growth. Absence of miR-21 expression in tumor- associated macrophages (TAMs), caused a global rewiring of their transcriptional regulatory network that was skewed toward a proinflammatory angiostatic phenotype. This promoted an antitumoral immune response characterized by a macrophage-mediated improvement of cytotoxic T-cell responses through the induction of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-12 and C-X-C motif chemokine 10. These effects translated to a reduction in tumor neovascularization and an induction of tumor cell death that led to decreased tumor growth. Additionally, using the carrier peptide pH (low) insertion peptide, we were able to target miR-21 in TAMs, which decreased tumor growth even under conditions where miR-21 expression was deficient in cancer cells. Consequently, miR-21 inhibition in TAMs induced an angiostatic and immunostimulatory activation with potential therapeutic implications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.