ArticleCancer science2020
Tumor-associated macrophages secrete CC-chemokine ligand 2 and induce tamoxifen resistance by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR in breast cancer.
Article in Cancer science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 160 papers.
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160 citing papers in PubMed, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Cannabidiol enhances tamoxifen efficacy via CREB-mediated suppression of ERα signaling in ER-positive breast cancer cells.Cell & bioscience · 2026Article
- SPINK4 affected M2 macrophage polarization to promote colorectal cancer malignant phenotype by PI3K/AKT pathway.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- The potential directing role of chemokines for specific metastatic sites in breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights.Journal of cancer prevention · 2026Review
- Preclinical Nanoparticle Approaches Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Breast Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Multifunctional Lipid Nanoparticles Remodeling Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Breast Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Immune-tumor cell ligand-receptor axes driving metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CD155 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma: Association with Immune Tumor Microenvironment.Iranian journal of pathology · 2026Article
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- Estrogen Receptors as Key Factors in Carcinogenesis.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Spatial signatures for predicting immunotherapy outcomes using multi-omics in non-small cell lung cancer.Nature genetics · 2025Article
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- Tumor microenvironment response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer: insights from single-cell and spatial omics.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Treatment and prognosis of patients with hormone receptor-low positive (1%-10%) breast cancer: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
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- MCP-1-CCR2-M2 macrophages axis contributes to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression and inhibits antitumor immune response.Scientific reports · 2025Article
100 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. Although endocrine therapy is effective, the development of endocrine resistance is a major clinical challenge. The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor malignancy, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) within the TME play a crucial role in endocrine resistance. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between TAM and the endocrine-resistant phenotype of breast cancer. Macrophages were cultured with conditioned medium (CM) from tamoxifen-sensitive (MCF7-S) or -resistant (MCF7-R) MCF7 breast cancer cells. M2 polarization was detected by CD163 immunofluorescence. To determine the effect on endocrine resistance, MCF7 cells were cultured in the supernatant of different TAM, and then treated with tamoxifen. CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) immunohistochemistry was carried out on pathological sections from 100 patients with invasive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We found that macrophages cultured in the CM of MCF7-S and MCF7-R cells were induced into TAM, with a more obvious M2 polarization in the latter. Tamoxifen resistance was increased by culture in TAM medium. TAM secreted CCL2, which increased endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. High expression of CCL2 was correlated with infiltration of CD163+macrophages (r = 0.548, P < .001), and patients with high CCL2 expression presented shorter progression-free survival than those with low CCL2 expression (P < .05). We conclude that CCL2 secreted by TAM activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and promotes an endocrine resistance feedback loop in the TME, suggesting that CCL2 and TAM may be novel therapeutic targets for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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