ArticleEpidemiology and infection2019
Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999-2014.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sero-epidemiological studies of pathogen burden: A scoping review.Wellcome open research · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Cytomegalovirus Infection and Tuberculosis Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Adaptive immune responses to vaccination reflect social status at first exposure in female rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Association of leisure-time aerobic physical activity time with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension: a study based on NHANES database.Biology of sport · 2025Article
- Life course socioeconomic disadvantage and persistent infection burden: Links to cellular immunosenescence in U.S. young adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Association between body roundness index and myopia among US adolescents: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2001-2006.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association Between Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis in Adult Women.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Correlation of alternative healthy eating index with risk of frailty among metabolic syndrome individuals: a cross-sectional study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
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- Evaluating the relationship between familial poverty,Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and severe headache or migraine: evidence from NHANES database.Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic status is negatively associated with immunosenescence but positively associated with inflammation among middle-aged women in Cebu, Philippines.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017-2020).Open life sciences · 2024Article
- Association Between Dietary Niacin Intake and Rheumatoid Arthritis in American Women: A Study Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Database.International journal of women's health · 2024Article
- Association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a population-based cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Diet quality and physical activity affect metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, metabolic dysfunction and etiology-associated steatohepatitis, and compensated advanced chronic liver disease among United States adults: NHANES 2017-2020.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Pan-viral serology uncovers distinct virome patterns as risk predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The disproportionate burden of prevalent, persistent pathogens among disadvantaged groups may contribute to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in long-term health. We assessed if the social patterning of pathogen burden changed over 16 years in a U.S.-representative sample. Data came from 17 660 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Pathogen burden was quantified by summing the number of positive serologies for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, HSV-2, human papillomavirus and Toxoplasma gondii and dividing by the number of pathogens tested, giving a percent-seropositive for each participant. We examined sex- and age-adjusted mean pathogen burdens from 1999-2014, stratified by race/ethnicity and SES (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR); educational attainment). Those with a PIR < 1.3 had a mean pathogen burden 1.4-1.8 times those with a PIR > 3.5, with no change over time. Educational disparities were even greater and showed some evidence of increasing over time, with the mean pathogen burden among those with less than a high school education approximately twice that of those who completed more than high school. Non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American and other Hispanic participants had a mean pathogen burden 1.3-1.9 times non-Hispanic Whites. We demonstrate that socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in pathogen burden have persisted across 16 years, with little evidence that the gap is closing.
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