ReviewJournal of assisted reproduction and genetics2020
Levonorgestrel IUD: is there a long-lasting effect on return to fertility?
Review in Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hormonal contraceptives and the brain: A systematic review on 60 years of neuroimaging, EEG, and biochemical studies in humans and animals.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Hormonal contraceptives and cancer risk in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- The impact of prior hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) use on endometrial lining thickness in the fertility clinic setting: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- The association between levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and female fertility compared to other contraceptive methods: A historical cohort study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Endometrial Thickness in IVF/ICSI Cycles: A Multicentre Historical Cohort Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Article
- Effects of Leuprorelin combined with Mirena on endocrine function, emotion, quality of life, and endometrial receptivity in patients with adenomyosis.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Impact of prior levonorgestrel intrauterine device use at the time of embryo transfer.Reproduction & fertility · 2024Article
- What Do the General Public Know about Infertility and Its Treatment?European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Article
- Platelet-rich plasma infusion as an adjunct treatment for persistent thin lining in frozen embryo transfer cycles: first US experience report.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2024Article
- Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Reproductive Health: Assessing the Role of Sex Hormones in Disease Development.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Progestin-based pharmacotherapy in fertility preservation in early endometrial cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Article
- Thin endometrial lining: is it more prevalent in patients utilizing preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease (PGT-M) and related to prior hormonal contraceptive use?Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Long-acting intrauterine systems: Recent advances, current challenges, and future opportunities.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2022Review
- Making More Womb: Clinical Perspectives Supporting the Development and Utilization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Endometrial Regeneration and Infertility.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- Uterine synechiae after intrauterine device use: a case series.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are effective and safe long-acting reversible contraceptive methods for preventing unplanned pregnancies. While extensive studies were conducted to evaluate return to fertility after removal of IUDs, majority of them were focused on multiparous women using copper IUDs. Current trends indicate increased use of levonorgestrel (LNG) IUDs in nulliparous women for very long periods of time, with both nulliparity and long duration of LNG-IUD use being potentially associated with trends towards longer time to conception post removal. Understanding the effects that LNG-IUDs may have on endometrial morphology and gene expression has important implications to further understanding their mechanism of action. Studies examining endometrial gene expression show persistent changes in receptivity markers up to 1 year after removal of an inert IUD, and no similar studies have been performed after removal of LNG-IUDs. Given the current gap in the literature and trends in LNG-IUD use in nulliparous young women, studies are needed that specifically look at the interaction of nulliparity, long-term use of LNG-IUD, and return to normal fertility. Herein, we review the available literature on the mechanism of action of IUDs with a specific focus on the effect on endometrial gene expression profile changes associated with IUDs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.