ArticleSchizophrenia research2020
Schizophrenia and the retina: Towards a 2020 perspective.
Article in Schizophrenia research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroretinal Alterations in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: An Updated Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Retina as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography and electroretinography.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Retinal layers and associated clinical factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Apical integration theory provides a neural basis for understanding disorganization and consciousness in the schizophrenias.Current research in neurobiology · 2026Article
- Retinal cytoarchitectural alterations across the psychosis spectrum and their correlates with cognition: a UK biobank nested case-control study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Retinal and choroidal vascular density alterations in patients with schizophrenia: assessment via optical coherence tomography angiography.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Retina in Clinical High-Risk and First-Episode Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Electroretinography as a non-invasive biomarker for early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults: A scoping review protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Contrast sensitivity and subjective visual disturbances across the psychosis continuum.Cognitive neuropsychiatry · 2026Article
- Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in ADHD.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of early visual processing, social cognition, and functional outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2025Review
- Reduced Visual Function in Schizotypal Traits: An Exploratory Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Genetic Analysis of Retinal Cell Types in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.JAMA psychiatry · 2025Article
- Exploring the ElectroRetinoGraphy as a biomarker for predicting and monitoring therapeutic response to antidepressants in major depressive disorder: study protocol for the MESANTIDEP trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Retinal biomarkers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: evidence and implications for the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- On the improvement of schizophrenia detection with optical coherence tomography data using deep neural networks and aggregation functions.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Differential Expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in the Human Choroid-Retinal Pigment Epithelial Complex Indicates Regional Predisposition to Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Eye-brain connections revealed by multimodal retinal and brain imaging genetics.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Electroretinographic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and childhood trauma in early-course psychosis: A case-control exploratory study.Biomarkers in neuropsychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDifferences between people with schizophrenia and psychiatrically healthy controls have been consistently demonstrated on measures of retinal function such as electroretinography (ERG), and measures of retinal structure such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Since our 2015 review of this literature, multiple new studies have been published using these techniques. At the same time, the accumulation of data has highlighted the "fault lines" in these fields, suggesting methodological considerations that need greater attention in future studies.
methodsWe reviewed studies of ERG and OCT in schizophrenia, as well as data from studies whose findings are relevant to interpreting these papers, such as those on effects of the following on ERG and OCT data: comorbid medical conditions that are over-represented in schizophrenia, smoking, antipsychotic medication, substance abuse, sex and gender, obesity, attention, motivation, and influences of brain activity on retinal function.
resultsRecent ERG and OCT studies continue to support the hypothesis of retinal structural and functional abnormalities in schizophrenia, and suggest that these are relevant to understanding broader aspects of pathophysiology, neurodevelopment, and neurodegeneration in this disorder. However, there are differences in findings which suggest that the effects of multiple variables on ERG and OCT data need further clarification.
conclusionsThe retina, as the only component of the CNS that can be imaged directly in live humans, has potential to clarify important aspects of schizophrenia. With greater attention to specific methodological issues, the true potential of ERG and OCT as biomarkers for important clinical phenomena in schizophrenia should become apparent.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.