Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31707136›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2020

The emergence of Clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 176 with a predominance of the Clostridium difficile ribotype 001 recognized in Slovakia following the European standardized Clostridium difficile infection surveillance of 2016.

Elena Novakova, Maria Stefkovicova, Maria Garabasova Kopilec, Martin Novak, Nina Kotlebova, Ed Kuijper, Marcela Krutova

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Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Global Burden ofInfectious disease reports · 2025
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Microorganisms · 2023
    Article
  5. High Prevalence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Article
  6. Diagnostic Methods ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021
    Article
  7. An Outbreak ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2020
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Elena NovakovaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Comenius University, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia.
Maria StefkovicovaDepartment of Epidemiology, Regional Public Health Authority, Trenčín, Slovakia; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health Care, Alexander Dubcek University, Trenčín, Slovakia.
Maria Garabasova KopilecDepartment of Epidemiology, Regional Public Health Authority, Trenčín, Slovakia.
Martin NovakDepartment of Public Health, Comenius University, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia.
Nina KotlebovaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Comenius University, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia.
Ed KuijperDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Marcela KrutovaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: marcela.krutova@lfmotol.cuni.cz.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo obtain standardized epidemiological data for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Slovakia.

methodsBetween October and December 2016, 36 hospitals in Slovakia used the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance protocol.

resultsThe overall mean CDI incidence density was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.9-3.9) cases per 10 000 patient-days. Of 332 CDI cases, 273 (84.9%) were healthcare-associated, 45 (15.1%) were community-associated, and 14 (4.2%) were cases of recurrent CDI. A complicated course of CDI was reported in 14.8% of cases (n=51). CDI outcome data were available for 95.5% of cases (n=317). Of the 35 patients (11.1%) who died, 34 did so within 30 days after their CDI diagnosis. Of the 78 isolates obtained from 12 hospitals, 46 belonged to PCR ribotype 001 (59.0%; 11 hospitals) and 23 belonged to ribotype 176 (29.5%; six hospitals). A total of 73 isolates (93.6%) showed reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin (ribotypes 001 and 176; p< 0.01). A reduced susceptibility to metronidazole was observed in 13 isolates that subsequently proved to be metronidazole-susceptible when, after thawing, they were retested using the agar dilution method. No reduced susceptibility to vancomycin was found.

conclusionsThese results show the emergence of C. difficile ribotypes 027 and 176 with a predominance of ribotype 001 in Slovakia in 2016. Given that an almost homogeneous reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin was detected in C. difficile isolates, this stresses the importance of reducing fluoroquinolone prescriptions in Slovak healthcare settings.

Indexed as

AdolescentAgedAnti-Bacterial AgentsClostridioides difficileClostridium InfectionsFemaleHumansIncidenceInfantMaleMoxifloxacinRibotypingSlovakiaAnti-Bacterial AgentsMoxifloxacinClostridium difficile infectionMoxifloxacin reduced susceptibilityPCR ribotype 001PCR ribotype 027PCR ribotype 176Surveillance

Identifiers

PMID31707136
PMCPMC6912155

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.