ArticleVaccine2020
The impact of an integrated electronic immunization registry and logistics management information system (EIR-eLMIS) on vaccine availability in three regions in Tanzania: A pre-post and time-series analysis.
Article in Vaccine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Literature review: Current trends and future prospects of digital vaccine supply chain support technology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Modernizing Vaccination Data System: Design, Development, and Deployment of a Digital Vaccination Registry in Liberia, 2023-2025.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Enablers and barriers to implementing a digital logistics system: A qualitative evaluation of OpenLMIS for Nigeria's vaccine supply chain.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- The Costs of Digital Health Interventions to Improve Immunization Data in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Multicountry Mixed Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Article
- Three in four children age 12-23 months missed opportunities for vaccination in Sub-Saharan African countries: a multilevel mixed effect analysis of demographic health and surveys 2016-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Vaccine Logistics Management Information System at Public Health Facilities in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Performance Evaluation.Healthcare informatics research · 2024Article
- Electronic Logistic Management Information System in Public Health Facilities and Its Implications for the Medicine Supply Chain in Singida District Council, Tanzania.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mapping Digital Public Health Interventions Among Existing Digital Technologies and Internet-Based Interventions to Maintain and Improve Population Health in Practice: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Perspectives on the Performance of the Ethiopian Vaccine Supply Chain and Logistics System after the Last Mile Delivery Initiative: A Phenomenological Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Outcomes and Costs of the Transition From a Paper-Based Immunization System to a Digital Immunization System in Vietnam: Mixed Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Child Immunisation Among Mothers Attending Magu District Hospital, Mwanza.The East African health research journal · 2024Article
- Design, Development, and Deployment of an Electronic Immunization Registry: Experiences From Vietnam, Tanzania, and Zambia.Global health, science and practice · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- End Users' Perspective of Digital Logistics Management Information System (eLMIS) Performance at Public Health Facilities of Amhara Region, Ethiopia.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince 2016, the Government of Tanzania has been implementing TImR, an integrated Electronic Immunization registry-logistics management information system (EIR-LMIS) that includes stock notifications. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of this intervention on vaccine availability.
methodsMonthly stock-out data were collected from paper registers at facilities, an Excel-based system at districts, and the new system (TImR) across all 924 health facilities in Arusha, Tanga and Kilimanjaro Regions. Six months of stockout rates pre- and post-introduction, by antigen, were compared via a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A mixed-effects logistic regression model with the TImR data identified predictors of vaccine availability across antigens.
findingsPost-introduction, ANOVA models estimated that overall stock-out rates declined from a monthly average of 7.1% to 2.1% (p < 0.01). Three specific vaccines had fewer stock-outs; OPV's monthly average dropped from 12.5% to 2.1% (p < 0.01), MR from 9.4% to 1.0% (p < 0.01) and DTP-HepB-HiB from 8.1% to 1.7% (p < 0.01). In the mixed-effects logistic regression model, controlling for antigen, odds of stock-out were 4.1% (95% CI: 3.3 - 4.9) lower for each week of tenure. Compared to DTP-HepB-HiB vaccine, odds of BCG vaccine being stocked out were 4.31 as high (95% CI: 3.1 - 5.0). The odds of being stocked-out were 29.7% lower for PCV (95% CI: 8.8 - 45.8) and 26.6% (95% CI: 3.4 - 44.1) lower for rotavirus vaccines compared to DTP-HepB-HiB. The odds of stock out were 37.7% lower for MR vaccine than DTP-HepB-HiB (95% CI: 18.1 - 52.6).
conclusionsTanzania's integrated EIR-eLMIS may increase vaccine availability compared to its paper and Excel based system. Post-introduction of an eLMIS, the odds of a vaccine stock-out reduced over time. Further research could determine the impact of this intervention on vaccine wastage and replenishment response times.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.