ReviewJournal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology2020
A new view of sexual differentiation of mammalian brain.
Review in Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rescue Antiemetic Treatments Following Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Matched Cohort Study.Transgender health · 2026Article
- Firemaster 550 differentially alters gene expression underlying synaptic function in amygdala of prairie voles after gestational or lactational exposure.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Maternal and Early Developmental Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Therapeutically Relevant Doses of Common Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Rats.Birth defects research · 2026Article
- Sex-stratified insights into the genetics of brain volumes in late adulthood.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- MRI-based structural development of the human newborn hypothalamus.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Gender "in the wild": toward a person-specific behavioral neuroendocrinology.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- A chromosome region linked to neurodevelopmental disorders influences locomotor behavior through sex-specific neural circuits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes relevant to autism in juvenile mice exposed to PCB 11 in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Perinatal Exposure to the Neonicotinoid Thiacloprid Impacts Transcription of Neuroplasticity and Neuroendocrine Markers in Mice but Not in the Zebrafish Model.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Neuron soma size and density measurements in rat striatal regions disaggregated by sex and estrous cycle phase.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- Modeling the developing nervous system: a neuroscience perspective on the use of new approach methodologies in developmental neurotoxicity testing.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Cumulative risk assessment as the pathway to public health protection for behavioral neurotoxicity.Neurotoxicology · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic sex differences in early human fetal brain development.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Sexually Dimorphic Effect of Environmental Enrichment and Weaning on Stress in Piglets.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Sex and Region-Specific Differences in Microglial Morphology and Function Across Development.Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cognitive effects of early life exposure to PCBs in rats: Sex-specific behavioral, hormonal and neuromolecular mechanisms involving the brain dopamine system.Hormones and behavior · 2025Article
- Sex differences in romantic love: an evolutionary perspective.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Chromosomal and gonadal sex have differing effects on social motivation in mice.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Chromosome X-wide common variant association study in autism spectrum disorder.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- Absence of mating behaviors in the female dogs neonatally treated with estrogen and progesterone.Animal reproduction · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Establishment of enduring sex differences in brain and behavior occurs during pre- or perinatal development, depending on species. For over 50 years the focus has been on gonadal steroid production by male fetuses and the impact on developing brain. An increasing awareness of the importance of sex chromosome complement has broadened the focus but identifying specific roles in development has yet to be achieved. Recent emphasis on transcriptomics has revealed myriad and unexpected differences in gene expression in specific regions of male and female brains which may produce sex differences, serve a compensatory role or provide latent sex differences revealed only in response to challenge. More surprising, however, has been the consistent observation of a central role for inflammatory signaling molecules and immune cells in masculinization of brain and behavior. The signal transduction pathways and specific immune cells vary by brain region, as does the neuroanatomical substrate subject to differentiation, reflecting substantial complexity emerging from what may be a common origin, the maternal immune system. A working hypothesis integrating these various ideas is proposed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.