ReviewCellular immunology2019
Matters of life and death: How estrogen and estrogen receptor binding to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus may influence outcomes of infection, allergy, and autoimmune disease.
Review in Cellular immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- TNFAIP3 Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Thrombocytopenia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iranian Population.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Sensitivity and stability of Balb/c, C57BL/6J, and ICR mice to the acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A.Toxicology research · 2025Article
- Estrogen and bacterial infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- How Estrogen, Testosterone, and Sex Differences Influence Serum Immunoglobulin Isotype Patterns in Mice and Humans.Viruses · 2023Article
- Evolutive emergence and divergence of an Ig regulatory node: An environmental sensor getting cues from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor?Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Differential proteomics between unhatched male and female egg yolks reveal the molecular mechanisms of sex-allocation and sex-determination in chicken.Poultry science · 2022Article
- Pathological mechanisms of abnormal iron metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.Expert review of clinical immunology · 2021Review
- Sex Differences in Otolaryngology: Focus on the Emerging Role of Estrogens in Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Selenium Deficiency Due to Diet, Pregnancy, Severe Illness, or COVID-19-A Preventable Trigger for Autoimmune Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- SARS-Cov2 S Protein Features Potential Estrogen Binding Site.Food technology and biotechnology · 2021Article
- The Role of Immunometabolism in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency: Immunoglobulin Dysregulation, Squamous Cell Metaplasia, Infectious Disease, and Death.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Nuclear Receptors, Ligands and the Mammalian B Cell.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- From Influenza Virus Infections to Lupus: Synchronous Estrogen ReceptorViral immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex hormones are best known for their influences on reproduction, but they also have profound influences on the immune response. Examples of sex-specific differences include: (i) the relatively poor control of influenza virus infections in males compared to females, (ii) allergic asthma, an IgE-associated hypersensitivity reaction that is exacerbated in adolescent females compared to males, and (iii) systemic lupus erythematosus, a life-threatening autoimmune disease with a 9:1 female:male bias. Here we consider how estrogen and estrogen receptor α (ERα) may influence the immune response by modifying class switch recombination (CSR) and immunoglobulin expression patterns. We focus on ERα binding to enhancers (Eμ and the 3' regulatory region) and switch sites (Sµ and Sε) in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Our preliminary data from ChIP-seq analyses of purified, activated B cells show estrogen-mediated changes in the positioning of ERα binding within and near Sµ and Sε. In the presence of estrogen, ERα is bound not only to estrogen response elements (ERE), but also to adenosine-cytidine (AC)-repeats and poly adenosine (poly A) sequences, in some cases within constant region gene introns. We propose that by binding these sites, estrogen and ERα directly participate in the DNA loop formation required for CSR. We further suggest that estrogen regulates immunoglobulin expression patterns and can thereby influence life-and-death outcomes of infection, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.