Trial reportThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2019
Effectiveness of a Behavior Change Intervention with Hand Sanitizer Use and Respiratory Hygiene in Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza among Schoolchildren in Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effective community-based interventions to prevent and control infectious diseases in urban informal settlements in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- The effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions for preventing community transmission or acquisition of novel coronavirus or influenza infections: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of educational interventions on the prevention of influenza: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of hand hygiene promotion programs during epidemics and pandemics of respiratory droplet-transmissible infections on health outcomes: a rapid systematic review.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of skill-based health education-A randomised-controlled intervention in primary schools in rural Bangladesh.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Promoting healthy practices among schools and children in rural bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial of skill-based health education.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Impact of a school-based water and hygiene intervention on child health and school attendance in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2024Trial
- Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Trial
- Designing context-specific implementation strategies to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene in urban low-income settlements in Nigeria: outcome of stakeholders' collaborative approach.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Improving WASH facilities and practices in Bangladeshi schools: progress and challenges from 2014 to 2018.Global health action · 2025Article
- Efficacy of the Web-Based Gamified Infection Control Training System on Practices for Health Care Workers in Residential Care Homes: Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR serious games · 2025Article
- WASH and learn: a scoping review of health, education and gender equity outcomes of school-based water, sanitation and hygiene in low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Hand Dirtiness Assessment to Inform Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Appropriateness in Community Settings in Uganda and Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Air Pollution and Influenza Incidence: Evidence from Highly Polluted Countries.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Article
- Soil-transmitted helminths: A critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
- Respiratory infection prevention: perceptions, barriers and facilitators after SARS-CoV-2.Infection, disease & health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Schoolchildren are commonly linked to influenza transmission. Handwashing with soap has been shown to decrease infections; however, improving handwashing practices using soap and water is difficult in low-resource settings. In these settings, alternative hygiene options, such as hand sanitizer, could improve handwashing promotion to reduce influenza virus infections. We conducted a cluster randomized control trial in 24 primary schools in Dhaka to assess the effectiveness of hand sanitizer and a respiratory hygiene education intervention in reducing influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza during June-September 2015. Twelve schools were randomly selected to receive hand sanitizer and respiratory hygiene education, and 12 schools received no intervention. Field staff actively followed children daily to monitor for new ILI episodes (cough with fever) through school visits and by phone if a child was absent. When an illness episode was identified, medical technologists collected nasal swabs to test for influenza viruses. During the 10-week follow-up period, the incidence of ILI per 1,000 student-weeks was 22 in the intervention group versus 27 in the control group (
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.