Observational studyApplied health economics and health policy2020
Healthcare Costs for People with Serious Mental Illness in England: An Analysis of Costs Across Primary Care, Hospital Care, and Specialist Mental Healthcare.
Observational study in Applied health economics and health policy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simple Mobile technology health management tool for people with severe mental illness: a randomised controlled feasibility trial.BMC psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Observational
- Mental health and kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory ratios as predictors of length of hospitalization in psychiatric patients: A multicenter study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Economic implications of mental health disorders: a literature review of hospitalization costs, interventions, and outcomes.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Review
- Article
- Understanding the intersections between ethnicity, area-level deprivation, and inpatient-related features amongst patients with psychotic disorders: a mental health electronic records analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- A comparison of the costs and patterns of expenditure for care for severe mental illness in five countries with different levels of economic development.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes of Aripiprazole long-acting injectable: a 10-year mirror image study of patient acceptability and treatment effectiveness.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Quantifying, Understanding and Enhancing Relational Continuity of Care (QUERCC): a mixed-methods protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Physiotherapy Within Inpatient Mental Health Wards: Involvement, Diagnoses, and Lifestyle Characteristics.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An examination of inpatient ward and secondary community care stay costs for individuals with complex mental health needs in the UK.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Mental Health Services for Serious Mental Illness: Scoping Review of Randomised Controlled Trials.Nursing open · 2025Article
- Severe mental illness as a risk factor for recorded diagnosis of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in people aged ≥50 years: retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2024Article
- Assessing the generalisability of the psychosis metabolic risk calculator (PsyMetRiC) for young people with first-episode psychosis with validation in a Hong Kong Chinese Han population: a 4-year follow-up study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- A multidisciplinary weight management intervention for adults with severe mental illness in forensic psychiatric inpatient services (Motiv8): a single blind cluster-randomised wait-list controlled feasibility trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Impact of Regular Physical Exercise on Psychopathology, Cognition, and Quality of Life in Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Lester positive cardiometabolic resource update: improving cardiometabolic outcomes in people with severe mental illness.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2023Article
- The potential of digital behavioural tests as a diagnostic aid for psychosis.PLOS digital health · 2023Article
- Excess healthcare costs of psychological distress in young women: Evidence from linked national Medicare claims data.Health economics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSerious mental illness (SMI) is a set of disabling conditions associated with poor outcomes and high healthcare utilisation. However, little is known about patterns of utilisation and costs across sectors for people with SMI.
objectiveThe aim was to develop a costing methodology and estimate annual healthcare costs for people with SMI in England across primary and secondary care settings.
methodsA retrospective observational cohort study was conducted using linked administrative records from primary care, emergency departments, inpatient admissions, and community mental health services, covering financial years 2011/12-2013/14. Costs were calculated using bottom-up costing and are expressed in 2013/14 British pounds (GBP). Determinants of annual costs by sector were estimated using generalised linear models.
resultsMean annual total healthcare costs for 13,846 adults with SMI were £4989 (median £1208), comprising 19% from primary care (£938, median £531), 34% from general hospital care (£1717, median £0), and 47% from inpatient and community-based specialist mental health services (£2334, median £0). Mean annual costs related specifically to mental health, as distinct from physical health, were £2576 (median £290). Key predictors of total cost included physical comorbidities, ethnicity, neighbourhood deprivation, SMI diagnostic subgroup, and age. Some associations varied across care context; for example, older age was associated with higher primary care and hospital costs, but lower mental healthcare costs.
conclusionsAnnual healthcare costs for people with SMI vary significantly across clinical and socioeconomic characteristics and healthcare sectors. This analysis informs policy and research, including estimation of health budgets for particular patient profiles, and economic evaluation of health services and policies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.