Trial reportClinical chemistry2019
Effects of One Year of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in Older US Adults.
Trial report in Clinical chemistry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL)
Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Joint effects of one year of marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and participant dietary fish intake upon circulating lipid mediators of inflammation resolution in a randomized controlled trial.Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2024Trial
- Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Trial
- The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin DNutrients · 2023Trial
- Effects of Vitamin DNutrients · 2022Trial
- Association of Physical Activity With Bioactive Lipids and Cardiovascular Events.Circulation research · 2022Trial
- Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials.The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 2020Trial
- Optimizing Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Healthy Ageing: Human Intake Evidence and Dairy Cow Dietary Interventions for Milk Enrichment.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of Antarctic krill oil on lipid profiles and SPM levels in rats over time.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D status with cardiometabolic risk factors and total and regional obesity in southern Iran: evidence from the PoCOsteo study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Phenomewide Association Study of Health Outcomes Associated With the Genetic Correlates of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Vitamin D Binding Protein Concentration.Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · 2024Article
- Associations between vitamin D and autoimmune diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2023Article
- Long-term in vivo vitamin DScientific reports · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota and its Metabolites: Bridge of Dietary Nutrients and Alzheimer's Disease.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and prevention of cardiovascular disease: update on the randomized trial evidence.Cardiovascular research · 2023Review
- Regular consumption of cod liver oil is associated with reduced basal and exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels; a prospective observational trial : A NEEDED (The North Sea Race Endurance Exercise Study) 2014 sub-study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Observational
- Correlation between premorbid IL-6 levels and COVID-19 mortality: Potential role for Vitamin D.International immunopharmacology · 2020Article
- Article
- Nutrition and the Immune System: A Complicated Tango.Nutrients · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObservational studies suggest vitamin D and marine ω-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplements are associated with lower systemic inflammation. However, past trials have been inconsistent.
methodsThe randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) tested vitamin D (2000 IU/day) and/or n-3 FA (1 g/day) supplementation in a 2 × 2 factorial design among women ≥55 and men ≥50 years of age. We assessed changes in interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations from baseline to 1 year among participants randomized to vitamin D + n-3 FA (392), vitamin D (392), n-3 FA (392), or placebo only (385). Geometric means and percent changes were compared, adjusting for baseline factors.
resultsBaseline characteristics were well balanced. In the active arms, 25-OH vitamin D rose 39% and n-3 FA rose 55% vs minimal change in placebo arms. Neither supplement reduced biomarkers at 1 year. Vitamin D resulted in 8.2% higher IL-6 (95% CI, 1.5%-15.3%; adjusted
conclusionsIn this large sample from a population-based randomized controlled trial, neither vitamin D nor n-3 FA supplementation over 1 year decreased these biomarkers of inflammation. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01169259; NCT01351805.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.