ArticlePsychological science2019
Reading Increases the Compositionality of Visual Word Representations.
Article in Psychological science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Can neural networks model the human perception of geometric shapes?PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Shape and word parts combine linearly in the Bouba-Kiki effect.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- From retinotopic to ordinal coding: Dissecting the cortical stages of visual word recognition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Beyond Letters: Optimal Transport as a Model for Sub-Letter Orthographic Processing.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Touch to text: Spatiotemporal evolution of braille letter representations in blind readers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Cracking the neural code for word recognition in convolutional neural networks.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Does the visual word form area split in bilingual readers? A millimeter-scale 7-T fMRI study.Science advances · 2023Article
- General object-based features account for letter perception.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Letter processing in upright bigrams predicts reading fluency variations in children.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2022Article
- Using compositionality to understand parts in whole objects.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Review
- Non-monotonic developmental trend of holistic processing in visual expertise: the case of Chinese character recognition.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2022Article
- A separable neural code in monkey IT enables perfect CAPTCHA decoding.Journal of neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Emergence of a compositional neural code for written words: Recycling of a convolutional neural network for reading.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of orthographic and lexical processing in the ventral visual pathway.Nature human behaviour · 2021Article
- A compositional neural code in high-level visual cortex can explain jumbled word reading.eLife · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Reading causes widespread changes in the brain, but its effect on visual word representations is unknown. Learning to read may facilitate visual processing by forming specialized detectors for longer strings or by making word responses more predictable from single letters-that is, by increasing compositionality. We provided evidence for the latter hypothesis using experiments that compared nonoverlapping groups of readers of two Indian languages (Telugu and Malayalam). Readers showed increased single-letter discrimination and decreased letter interactions for bigrams during visual search. Importantly, these interactions predicted subjects' overall reading fluency. In a separate brain-imaging experiment, we observed increased compositionality in readers, whereby responses to bigrams were more predictable from single letters. This effect was specific to the anterior lateral occipital region, where activations best matched behavior. Thus, learning to read facilitates visual processing by increasing the compositionality of visual word representations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.