ReviewNeuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society2020
A Review of Clinical Data on Salvage Therapy in Spinal Cord Stimulation.
Review in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Continuous electrical stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion (drg-s) as a salvation therapy in patients previously treated with spinal cord stimulation. systematic review and pooled analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Narrative reviews in anesthesia and pain medicine: guidelines for producers, reviewers and consumers.Regional anesthesia and pain medicine · 2025Guideline
- Treating Chronic, Intractable Pain with a Miniaturized Spinal Cord Stimulation System: 1-Year Outcomes from the AUS-nPower Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of pain research · 2024Trial
- Automated Neural Dosing for Fast-Acting Subperception Therapy: Sustained Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcomes from a Multicenter Study.Pain and therapy · 2025Article
- The Application of Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Spinal Cord Stimulation Efficacy for Chronic Pain Management: Current Evidence and Future Directions.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Review
- Spinal cord stimulation using time-dynamic pulses achieves longer reversal of allodynia compared to tonic pulses in a rat model of neuropathic pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Consensus Guidelines from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience for the Use of 60-Day Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Therapy. A NEURON Living Guideline Project.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Neuromodulation and Habituation: A Literature Review and Conceptional Analysis of Sustaining Therapeutic Efficacy and Mitigating Habituation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Review
- Real-world outcomes in spinal cord stimulation: predictors of reported effect and explantation using a comprehensive registry-based approach.Pain reports · 2023Article
- A case series of new radicular pain following the insertion of spinal cord stimulator.British journal of pain · 2022Article
- The Challenge of Converting "Failed Spinal Cord Stimulation Syndrome" Back to Clinical Success, Using SCS Reprogramming as Salvage Therapy, through Neurostimulation Adapters Combined with 3D-Computerized Pain Mapping Assessment: A Real Life Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- 60-Day PNS Treatment May Improve Identification of Delayed Responders and Delayed Non-Responders to Neurostimulation for Pain Relief.Journal of pain research · 2022Article
- Patient Selection for Spinal Cord Stimulation in Treatment of Pain: Sequential Decision-Making Model - A Narrative Review.Journal of pain research · 2022Review
- The Added Value of Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Combined with SCS, as Salvage Therapy, for Refractory Low Back Pain Component in Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Implanted Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study (CUMPNS Study) Based on 3D-Mapping Composite Pain Assessment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- The Influence of Missing Data on Disabilities in Patients Treated with High-Dose Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Tipping Point Sensitivity Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Spinal cord stimulation programming: a crash course.Neurosurgical review · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince its introduction in 1967, neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation (SCS) or dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGs) has advanced significantly in both the technology and indications for use. There are now over 14,000 SCS implants performed worldwide every year. This review focuses on mechanisms behind the loss of efficacy in neuromodulation and current data on salvage therapy, defined as the conversion of a neuromodulation device to an alternative SCS or DRG stimulation, in the event of loss of efficacy or failure of a trial. STUDY
designA narrative review of clinical studies regarding habituation, explant data, and salvage therapy with SCS.
methodsAvailable literature was reviewed on spinal cord stimulation technology and salvage therapy. Data sources included relevant literature identified through searches of PubMed, MEDLINE/OVID, SCOPUS, and manual searches of the bibliographies of known primary and review articles. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures were to understand the mechanisms of loss of efficacy, provide a review of explants due to failure in treatment, and summarize the data on current salvage therapy in SCS.
resultsA total of eight studies and four abstracts/poster presentations were identified and reviewed. Of the eight studies, only one was a randomized controlled trial.
conclusionsThere is limited evidence for the appropriate treatment alternatives, but from data currently available the conversion from conventional tonic stimulation to burst, high frequency (10 kHz), multiple wave forms, and/or DRGs may be appropriate in select patients and will require further research to determine the most appropriate first line salvage in the context of the underlying pain pathology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.