ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2019
The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- A literature review of biomarkers used for diagnosis of relative energy deficiency in sport.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Pooled it
- Reducing energy availability in male endurance athletes: a randomized trial with a three-step energy reduction.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022Trial
- Long-term endurance running training and testosterone daily variation in ageing men; a comparative cross-sectional study.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Case study: Body composition and bone changes following a thru-hike of the Pacific Crest Trail by a young female adult.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- From amenorrhea to pregnancy: spontaneous recovery of the female athlete triad during the COVID-19 pandemic.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- 2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 1: State of the Science and Introduction of a New Adolescent Model.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes: Correlations With Energy Availability, Disordered Eating, and Compulsive Exercise Behaviors.Journal of athletic training · 2026Article
- Rethinking Energy Availability from Conceptual Models to Applied Practice: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Effects of Supervised Physiotherapy-Based Exercise on Ovarian Reserve and Spontaneous Pregnancy in Women with Diminished Ovarian Reserve: A Controlled Pilot Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A community-based educational initiative to support awareness of relative energy deficiency in sport among adolescent athletes.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Screening tool for the identification of relative energy deficiency in Sport risk: validation of the low energy availability in female questionnaire - Italian version (LEAFQ-ITA).Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Current Perspectives on Protein Supplementation in Athletes: General Guidance and Special Considerations for Diabetes-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Energy expenditure, intake and availability in female soccer players via doubly labelled water: Are we misrepresenting low energy availability?Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Short-Term Severe Low Energy Availability in Athletes: Molecular Mechanisms, Endocrine Responses, and Performance Outcomes-A Narrative Review.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Review
- Low Energy Availability Prevalence, Dietary Habits, and Sleep in Female Army ROTC Cadets.International journal of exercise science · 2025Article
- Male Endurance Athletes: Examination of Energy and Carbohydrate Availability and Hormone Responses.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Energy Availability and Interstitial Fluid Glucose Changes in Elite Male Japanese Triathletes during Training Camp: A Case Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Article
- A real-life snapshot: Evaluating exposures to low energy availability in male athletes from various sports.Physiological reports · 2024Article
- Sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and metabolic and endocrine markers during prolonged arduous military training.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Female Athlete Triad represents three interrelated conditions of (i) low energy availability (energy deficiency), presenting with or without disordered eating, (ii) menstrual dysfunction, and (iii) poor bone health, each of which can exist along a continuum of severity ranging from mild and moderate subclinical health concerns to severe clinical outcomes, including eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. This review provides a brief overview of the Female Athlete Triad, including updating the current thinking regarding energy availability and how it relates to reproductive function, and sets the stage for an initial working model of a similar syndrome in males that will be based on currently available evidence and will later be defined and referred to as a Male Athlete Triad by the newly re-named Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition. A primary focus of this paper will be on the physiology of each Triad model with an emphasis on low energy availability and its role in reproductive function, with a brief introduction on its effects on bone health in men. From the data reviewed, (i) a specific threshold of energy availability below which menstrual disturbances are induced is not supported; (ii) it appears that the energetic, reproductive, and bone systems in men are more resilient to the effects of low energy availability compared to those of women, requiring more severe energetic perturbations before alterations are observed; and (iii) it appears that recovery of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis can be observed more quickly in men than in women.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.