ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2020
The pan-immune system of bacteria: antiviral defence as a community resource.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 413 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
413 citing papers in PubMed, 696 citations in OpenAlex.
- When phage restriction is not immunity: Immune gates, replication-niche barriers, and assay-limited phenotypes.Engineering microbiology · 2026Article
- Systematic mapping of bacteriophage gene essentiality with HIDEN-SEQ.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacteriophage-bacteria coevolution: from molecular arms races to ecological and applied perspectives.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Cyclic tri-adenylate controls a CARF-TM effector in type II Panoptes anti-phage systems.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Phage-encoded contingency loci enable bet-hedging against host defence mechanisms.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Host physiology-dependent lysis timing shapes bacteriophage competition under nutrient fluctuations.mSystems · 2026Article
- The leading region of many plasmids is adapted for translational efficiency.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- KEGG-Based Functional Signatures Complement Taxonomic Profiles Associated with Spontaneous Decolonisation of Carbapenem-ResistantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Identification and structure determination of a type III-Bv CRISPR complex that post-translationally modifies an associated toxin.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2026Article
- Inhibition by ATP regulates the activity of a CBASS anti-phage nucleotide cyclase.The Biochemical journal · 2026Article
- A UG5 reverse transcriptase-nitrilase antiviral module confers phage immunity in the plant symbiontMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Bacterial cell division protein FtsZ complexes with a phage protein to activate bacterial immunity.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacteriophage cocktails and bacterial coevolution: a systematic review of resistance prevention strategies against multidrug-resistant pathogens in sewage water.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- Article
- A versatile toolset for Staphylococcus aureus gene inactivation enables testing of anti-phage defense systems in native genetic backgrounds.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
- Higher-order assembly of a type IX retron enables exploitation for designer antimicrobials.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Phage portal proteins counteract stringent-response-mediated restriction.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A DNA damage-activated kinase phosphorylates a transcriptional repressor to control bacterial immune pathway expression.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Mobile genetic elements shape microbial diversity and functions in thawing permafrost soils.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Evolved phage cocktails outsmart biofilm defences.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
353 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Viruses and their hosts are engaged in a constant arms race leading to the evolution of antiviral defence mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that the immune arsenal of bacteria against bacteriophages is much more diverse than previously envisioned. These discoveries have led to seemingly contradictory observations: on one hand, individual microorganisms often encode multiple distinct defence systems, some of which are acquired by horizontal gene transfer, alluding to their fitness benefit. On the other hand, defence systems are frequently lost from prokaryotic genomes on short evolutionary time scales, suggesting that they impose a fitness cost. In this Perspective article, we present the 'pan-immune system' model in which we suggest that, although a single strain cannot carry all possible defence systems owing to their burden on fitness, it can employ horizontal gene transfer to access immune defence mechanisms encoded by closely related strains. Thus, the 'effective' immune system is not the one encoded by the genome of a single microorganism but rather by its pan-genome, comprising the sum of all immune systems available for a microorganism to horizontally acquire and use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.