ArticleBMC international health and human rights2019
Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation.
Article in BMC international health and human rights, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intersectionality and family support of Latin American transgender individuals: A scoping review.International journal of transgender health · 2026Review
- Excess Burdens and Mental Health Consequences of Physical Violence Victimization Among Sexual Minority Adolescents and Young Adults in Colombia and Honduras: A Pooled Population-Based Study.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2025Article
- Depressive symptoms, violence, and discrimination among transgender women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Gender, equity, and resilient primary health care in Latin America and the Caribbean: aligned and synergistic goals.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Association between HIV knowledge and stigma among HIV healthcare workers in the Dominican Republic: The role of empathy and social distance.Stigma and health · 2025Article
- Perspectives on the intersection of race and ethnicity, immigration status, and sexual and gender minoritised status among clinical and scientific workforces in Latin America.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Review
- Barriers to advancing the sexual and reproductive health agenda in Latin America: a qualitative study of key informants' perspectives.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- Sex and gender considerations in cross-cultural traumatic stress studies.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2024Article
- Addressing discrimination and violence against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) persons from Brazil: a mobile health intervention.BMC public health · 2023Article
- "The pandemic only gave visibility to what is invisible": a qualitative analysis of structural violence during COVID-19 and impacts on gender-based violence in Brazil.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Latinx Sexual Minority Adolescent Substance Use: State of the Science and Call for Intersectional Minority Stressors and Protective Factors.Current addiction reports · 2023Article
- Sexual behavior and self-declaration of sexual orientation among people 18-64 years in Brazil: results from the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices survey, 2013 and the National Health Survey, 2019.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Psychometric Evaluation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Brazilian Cisgender Gay and Bisexual Adult Men.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Barriers and Facilitators to Mental Health Help-Seeking and Experiences with Service Use among LGBT+ University Students in Chile.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Attitudes Toward Transgender People Among Future Caribbean Doctors.Archives of sexual behavior · 2022Article
- A global cautionary tale: discrimination and violence against trans women worsen despite investments in public resources and improvements in health insurance access and utilization of health care.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis use, HIV knowledge, and internalized homonegativity among men who have sex with men in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Harassment disparities and risk profile within lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Spanish adult population: Comparisons by age, gender identity, sexual orientation, and perpetration context.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Narratives of transphobic violence in the Mexican province of Colima: A psychosocial analysis.International journal of transgender health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the extent of legal inequities experienced by sexual and gender minorities (SGM) has declined during recent decades, this population still enjoys fewer legal protections and benefits than the non-gender-variant, heterosexual population. Herein we analyze the current scenario of SGM rights in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).
methodsPolicy documents and governmental strategies addressing SGM rights were analyzed within a timeline framework by three major LAC sub-regions: the Caribbean, Mesoamerica and South America.
resultsOur search identified 88 eligible documents addressing the following categories: (1) legal protections towards same-sex couples (decriminalization of same-sex acts among consenting adults, legal recognition of same-sex unions, same-sex marriage, adoption by same-sex couples), and (2) anti-discrimination laws (SGM allowed to serve openly in the military and anti-discrimination laws related to sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression). The majority of Caribbean countries prohibit same-sex acts between consenting adults, while in Mesoamerica same-sex couples do not have equal marriage rights and are not allowed to adopt as a couple. In the Caribbean and Mesoamerica transgender people lack proper legal protection. Legislation to protect SGM rights in South America is the most inclusive and progressive in LAC. Several countries recognize same-sex marriage and the right of transgender people to legally change their name and gender. The majority of South American countries have some kind of anti-discrimination law, but no effective mechanisms to enforce these laws. In spite of those progresses, the LAC region registers the highest rate of violence and hate crimes against SGM in the world.
conclusionIn the Caribbean and Mesoamerica the overall discriminatory legislation exacerbates violence against SGM within a social and cultural context of strong sexist, gender stereotypes and widespread violence. This scenario is driving hundreds of SGM to leave their home countries. In spite of progressive legislations, several South American countries are currently controlled either by highly conservative leaders (e.g. Brazil and Chile) or by repressive dictators (Venezuela). The near future of the LAC region is unknown, but if such trends continue, severe human rights problems, including setbacks in SGM legal protections, are likely.
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