ArticleMicrobiology and immunology2020
Gold nanoparticle-adjuvanted S protein induces a strong antigen-specific IgG response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection, but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs.
Article in Microbiology and immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intranasal gold nanoparticle-antigen induces mucosal and systemic immunity against β-coronaviruses.hLife · 2026Article
- From Mycosynthesis to Immunomodulation: Exploring the Safety, Adjuvant Potential and Microbiota Impact of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Immunostimulatory Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Protein Corona as a Result of Interaction of Protein Molecules with Inorganic Nanoparticles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Hamsters immunized with formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 develop accelerated lung histopathological lesions and Th2-biased response following infection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Comprehensive review on COVID-19: etiology, pathogenicity, and treatment.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology-based strategies for vaccine development: accelerating innovation and delivery.Biomaterials translational · 2025Review
- A Mouse Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Allergy Exhibits Altered Localization of SARS-CoV-2-Susceptible Cells in the Lungs, Which Reflects Omicron BA.5 Infection Dynamics, Viral Mutations, and Immunopathology.Microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
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- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation alters immune cell populations in the lung and bone marrow during coronavirus infection.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Innovation-driven trend shaping COVID-19 vaccine development in China.Frontiers of medicine · 2023Review
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- Nano-based techniques: A revolutionary approach to prevent covid-19 and enhancing human awareness.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles with Plasmonic Au Cores and S1-Spike Protein Coronas.ACS synthetic biology · 2023Article
- Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- A Novel Vision of Reinforcing Nanofibrous Masks with Metal Nanoparticles: Antiviral Mechanisms Investigation.Advanced fiber materials · 2023Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of coronavirus, which binds to cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion for cell entry, is a candidate vaccine target for blocking coronavirus infection. However, some animal studies have suggested that inadequate immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induces a lung eosinophilic immunopathology upon infection. The present study evaluated two kinds of vaccine adjuvants for use with recombinant S protein: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are expected to function as both an antigen carrier and an adjuvant in immunization; and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, which have previously been shown to be an effective adjuvant in an ultraviolet-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine. All the mice immunized with more than 0.5 µg S protein without adjuvant escaped from SARS after infection with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV; however, eosinophilic infiltrations were observed in the lungs of almost all the immunized mice. The AuNP-adjuvanted protein induced a strong IgG response but failed to improve vaccine efficacy or to reduce eosinophilic infiltration because of highly allergic inflammatory responses. Whereas similar virus titers were observed in the control animals and the animals immunized with S protein with or without AuNPs, Type 1 interferon and pro-inflammatory responses were moderate in the mice treated with S protein with and without AuNPs. On the other hand, the TLR agonist-adjuvanted vaccine induced highly protective antibodies without eosinophilic infiltrations, as well as Th1/17 cytokine responses. The findings of this study will support the development of vaccines against severe pneumonia-associated coronaviruses.
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