ArticleParasites & vectors2019
Characterisation of Anopheles strains used for laboratory screening of new vector control products.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synergistic action of different molecular mechanisms causes striking levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vectorProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis identifies loci associated with pyrethroid resistance across sister species in the Anopheles gambiae species complex.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Effects of a caffeine-based diet on insecticide resistance and longevity in infected Anopheles coluzzii.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Establishing and sustaining mosquito colonies: insights into morphology, bionomics, and advances in the rearing ofFrontiers in insect science · 2026Review
- The mini chamber test: a novel bioassay for bioefficacy testing of chlorfenapyr treated nets used in malaria control.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Article
- The β-triketone, nitisinone, kills insecticide-resistant mosquitoes through cuticular uptake.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Significant variations in tolerance to clothianidin and pirimiphos-methyl in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus populations during a dramatic malaria resurgence despite sustained indoor residual spraying in Uganda.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Article
- Discrimination of inherent characteristics of susceptible and resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae by explainable artificial intelligence analysis of flight trajectories.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Insecticide resistant Anopheles from Ethiopia but not Burkina Faso show a microbiota composition shift upon insecticide exposure.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Machine learning reveals immediate disruption in mosquito flight when exposed to Olyset nets.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Design and validation of a low-cost sugar-feeder for resource-poor insectaries.Gates open research · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association studies unveil major genetic loci driving insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus in four eco-geographical settings across Cameroon.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are associated with insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Comparative analysis of the Potter Tower and a new Track Sprayer for the application of residual sprays in the laboratory.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Power calculation for mosquito bioassays: Quantifying variability in the WHO tube bioassay and developing sample size guidance for the PBO synergism assay using a Shiny application.Gates open research · 2024Article
- Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profile of a new resistantWellcome open research · 2024Article
- IsCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Insecticidal roof barriers mounted on untreated bed nets can be as effective against Anopheles gambiae as regular insecticide-treated bed nets.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInsecticides formulated into products that target Anopheles mosquitos have had an immense impact on reducing malaria cases in Africa. However, resistance to currently used insecticides is spreading rapidly and there is an urgent need for alternative public health insecticides. Potential new insecticides must be screened against a range of characterized mosquito strains to identify potential resistance liabilities. The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine maintains three susceptible and four resistant Anopheles strains that are widely used for screening for new insecticides. The properties of these strains are described in this paper.
methodsWHO tube susceptibility bioassays were used for colony selection and to screen for resistance to the major classes of public health insecticides. Topical and tarsal contact bioassays were used to produce dose response curves to assess resistance intensity. Bioassays with the synergist piperonyl butoxide were also performed. Taqman™ assays were used to screen for known target site resistance alleles (kdr and ace-1). RT-qPCR was used to quantify expression of genes associated with pyrethroid resistance.
resultsPyrethroid selection pressure has maintained resistance to this class in all four resistant strains. Some carbamate and organophosphate resistance has been lost through lack of exposure to these insecticide classes. The Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) strains, VK7 2014, Banfora M and Tiassalé 13 have higher levels of pyrethroid resistance than the An. funestus FUMOZ-R strain. Elevated expression of P450s is found in all four strains and the 1014F kdr mutation is present in all three An. gambiae strains at varying frequencies. Tarsal contact data and overexpression of CYP4G16 and SAP2 suggest penetration barriers and/or sequestration also confer resistance in Banfora M.
conclusionsContinual selection with deltamethrin has maintained a stable pyrethroid-resistant phenotype over many generations. In conjunction with a standardized rearing regime, this ensures quality control of strains over time allowing for robust product comparison and selection of optimal products for further development. The identification of multiple mechanisms underpinning insecticide resistance highlights the importance of screening new compounds against a range of mosquito strains.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.