ReviewMolecular cancer2019
Novel immune checkpoint targets: moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4.
Review in Molecular cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06502249 (Modulatory Effect of Prodigiosin or Pioglitazone on Tumor Immune Microenvironment and the Crosstalk to Immune-Checkpoint Protein), which is not on this map. Cited by 733 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Modulatory Effect of Prodigiosin or Pioglitazone on Tumor Immune Microenvironment and the Crosstalk to Immune-Checkpoint Protein(s)
Who cites it
733 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cardiotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and global meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Current status of KRAS G12C inhibitors in NSCLC and the potential for combination with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Immune checkpoints and immunoregulation in metabolic diseases and cancers: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Special Issue "Epigenetic Genes, Biomarkers and Immunotherapy in Cancers".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Proteogenomic characterization of pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma identifies molecular features and therapeutic strategy.Science advances · 2026Article
- PRDM15 inhibits responses of Tissue-Resident memory T cells by activating PVR/TIGIT axis to mediate gastric cancer immunosuppression.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor induces systemic inflammation and alters cardiac lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 J mice.Human cell · 2026Article
- Adaptive resistance in cancer immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling of POU5F1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Dynamics, spatial niche, and prognosis via multi-algorithm ML.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Cellular immunotherapy in melanoma: the next frontier in cancer treatment.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Investigating the expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 genes as immune regulators in patients with colorectal polyps.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Antitumor Immunity: NK Cell Strategies to Navigate the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Review
- From guardians to traitors: molecular mechanisms of tumor-induced T cell betrayal.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Targeting IRF1-TRIM21 axis enhances anti-tumor immunity by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of FGL1 in non-small cell lung cancer.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Differential T cell reactivation by two PD-L1 nanobodies through blockade alone or blockade with internalization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Next Wave of Immunotherapy: A Critical Review of Nanotechnology Strategies for Immune Checkpoint Blockade.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- β-Mannosyl Triazoles as Mimics of Galactosyl Galectin-3 and Galectin-9 N-Terminal Domain Inhibitors.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Article
- Immune landscape of gingivo-buccal oral cancer indicates high enrichment of immune-related gene sets in tumors of a large proportion of patients.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
673 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), has shaped therapeutic landscape of some type of cancers. Despite some ICIs have manifested compelling clinical effectiveness in certain tumor types, the majority of patients still showed de novo or adaptive resistance. At present, the overall efficiency of immune checkpoint therapy remains unsatisfactory. Exploring additional immune checkpoint molecules is a hot research topic. Recent studies have identified several new immune checkpoint targets, like lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and so on. The investigations about these molecules have generated promising results in preclinical studies and/or clinical trials. In this review, we discussed the structure and expression of these newly-characterized immune checkpoints molecules, presented the current progress and understanding of them. Moreover, we summarized the clinical data pertinent to these recent immune checkpoint molecules as well as their application prospects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.