ArticlePloS one2019
Prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of development delay among children in Ceará, Brazil: A population-based study.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of developmental delay among children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of intrauterine exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on infants' development: a rapid review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Cohort, gender and spatial patterns of delayed school enrolment in third-grade children from 2009 to 2025.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations between maternal and child anemia and development outcomes: evidence from a large cross-sectional population-based study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Early motor inequities: how birth conditions and social context shape motor development in the first five years of life.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Impact of maternal stress and COVID-19 exposure during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment: signature cohort 12 month follow-up.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cultural Influences on Typical Gross Motor Development in Early Childhood: A Scoping Review.Child: care, health and development · 2026Review
- Risks of medical and developmental delays and associated factors among children from different racial and ethnic groups in Kalamazoo County of Michigan, United States.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Investigating Developmental Status of Children Aged 0-5 Years and Its Association With Child Gender, Family Background and Geographic Locations in Australian Community-Based Early Learning Centres.Child: care, health and development · 2025Article
- Factors associated with early childhood development: results from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Developmental delay and associated factors among HIV-infected under-five children in public health facilities, Southern Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Maternal Educational Attainment with Child Development among Families Living below the Poverty Line in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The impact of child poverty on brain development: does money matter?Dementia & neuropsychologia · 2023Review
- The potential of COPCA's coaching for families with infants with special needs in low- and middle-income countries.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- A national prevalence and profile of single and multiple developmental delays among children aged from 1 year up to 12 years: an Egyptian community-based study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2022Article
- Worldwide national intervention of developmental screening programs in infant and early childhood.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- Factors associated with early childhood development in municipalities of Ceará, Brazil: a hierarchical model of contexts, environments, and nurturing care domains in a cross-sectional study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Maternal and neonatal factors associated with child development in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study.BMC pediatrics · 2021Article
- Early Childhood Development Risks and Protective Factors in Vulnerable Preschool Children from Low-Income Communities in South Africa.Journal of community health · 2021Article
- Environmental, Socioeconomic, Maternal, and Breastfeeding Factors Associated with Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Ceará, Brazil: A Population-Based Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the prevalence of child development delay and to identify socioeconomic determinants. STUDY
designWe conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of children 2 to 72 months of age residing in the state of Ceará, Brazil. In total, 3200 households were randomly selected for participation in the study and had child development assessed with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) version 3. Development delay was defined as a score of less than -2 standard deviations below the median of the Brazilian ASQ standard. We present population-level prevalence of delay in five development domains and assess socioeconomic determinants.
resultsA total of 3566 children completed the ASQ development assessment of which 9.2% (95% CI: 8.1-10.5) had at least one domain with development delay. The prevalence of delay increased with age in all domains and males were at higher risk for communication, gross motor and personal-social development delays as compared to females (p-values <0.05). We found robust associations of indicators of socioeconomic status with risk of development delay; increasing monthly income and higher social class were associated with reduced risk of delay across all domains (28,2% in the poorest and 21,2% in richest for any delay, p-values <0.05 for all domains). In addition, children in poor households that participated in conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs appeared to have reduced risk of delay as compared to children from households that were eligible, but did not participate, in CCT programs.
conclusionsThere is a relatively high population-level prevalence of development delay in at least one domain among children 0-6 years of age in Ceará, Brazil. Integrated child development, social support, and poverty reduction interventions may reduce the population-level prevalence of development delay in Ceará and similar settings.
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