Observational studySexually transmitted diseases2019
Incidence and Predictors of Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Trichomonas Among a Prospective Cohort of Cisgender Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland.
Observational study in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Risk factors for the acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Infections in sex workers: a systematic review].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2024Pooled it
- Factors influencing to early initiation of sex work among female street sex workers in Jimma and Agaro Towns, Southwest Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of genital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern US: results from the study of treatment and reproductive outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Transactional sex among adults accessing sexual health services in Alabama, 2008-2022: Prevalence, associated risk factors, and associations with HIV, HCV, and STI diagnosis.Annals of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Examining HIV Knowledge and Sexually Risky Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in Kampala, Uganda.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Who Asks About HIV/STI Status?: An Analysis of Women Who Sell Sex and Inject Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- History of Sex Work Is Associated with Increased Risk of Adverse Mental Health and Substance Use Outcomes in Transgender Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Selling sex in the context of substance use: social and structural drivers of transactional sex among men who use opioids in Maryland.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- The EMERALD (Enabling Mobilization, Empowerment, Risk Reduction, and Lasting Dignity) Study: Protocol for the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Community-Based Combination HIV Prevention Intervention for Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland.JMIR research protocols · 2021Article
- The health effects of gendered and devalued work: health outcomes of incarcerated women engaging in sex work and care/service work.Health & justice · 2020Article
- Injection Drug Use and Sexual Behaviors Associated With Infection Transmission and Access to Harm Reduction for People Who Use Drugs and Sell Sex in the Rural US.Substance use : research and treatmentArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCisgender female sex workers (CFSWs) have elevated rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) yet are underrepresented in targeted programming and research in the United States. We examined the prevalence, incidence and predictors of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas infection among CFSW.
methodsTwo hundred fifty street-based CFSWs were recruited into a prospective observational cohort in Baltimore, Maryland using targeted sampling in 2016 to 2017 and completed surveys and STI testing at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the predictors of STI.
resultsMean age was 36 years, and 66.5% of respondents were white. Baseline prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas was 10.5%, 12.6%, and 48.5%, respectively. The incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas was 14.3, 19.3, 69.1 per 100 person-years. Over one year of observation, past year sex work initiation predicted both chlamydia incidence (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-6.0) and gonorrhea incidence (aHR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8). Client sexual violence predicted gonorrhea incidence (aHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.1) and having female sexual partners predicted trichomonas incidence (aHR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.5). Having a usual health care provider (aHR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7) was inversely associated with trichomonas.
conclusionsIn this study of urban US street-based CFSW, interpersonal and structural factors differentially predicted STIs, and infection rates remained elevated through follow-up despite regular testing, notification, and treatment referral. Focused and multifaceted interventions for sex workers and their sexual partners are urgently needed.
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