ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs are loaded with core and linker histones and transcriptionally silenced.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- BRCA1-RAD51 homologous DNA repair pathway promotes HIV-1 reverse transcription.Science advances · 2026Article
- Hiding in Plain Sight: HIV-1 Membraneless Organelles as Nuclear Hubs-Host Hijacking, Replication, Immune Evasion, and Drug-Access Implications.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Non-integrase mechanisms for dolutegravir resistance.Retrovirology · 2026Review
- Breaking into HIV-1's Epigenetic Vault: Cure Strategies to Eliminate the Viral Reservoir.Viruses · 2026Review
- Tracking HIV-1 DNA fate from cell culture to humanized mice tissues.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Epigenetic mechanisms of retroviral regulation: a comparative review.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2026Review
- Lenacapavir-induced capsid damage uncovers HIV-1 genomes emanating from nuclear speckles.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Clicking viruses-with chemistry toward mechanisms in infection.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA recruits cGAS via its histone-binding domain to escape innate immunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Expression of HIV from a 1-LTR circular DNA in the absence of integration.Retrovirology · 2025Article
- The role of genetic diversity, epigenetic regulation, and sex-based differences in HIV cure research: a comprehensive review.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Review
- CRL4-DCAF1 Ubiquitin Ligase Dependent Functions of HIV Viral Protein R and Viral Protein X.Viruses · 2024Review
- Brief Histories of Retroviral Integration Research and Associated International Conferences.Viruses · 2024Review
- PTEN Mediates the Silencing of Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.Viruses · 2024Article
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of Retroviral Genomes with Antibodies Recognizing Modified Histones and Specific Viral Proteins.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Capsid-host interactions for HIV-1 ingress.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2023Review
- POLE3 is a repressor of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA required for efficient virus integration and escape from innate immune sensing.Science advances · 2023Article
- HIV-1 3'-Polypurine Tract Mutations Confer Dolutegravir Resistance by Switching to an Integration-Independent Replication Mechanism via 1-LTR Circles.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- The SMC5/6 complex: An emerging antiviral restriction factor that can silence episomal DNA.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Upon delivery into the nucleus of the host cell, linear double-stranded retroviral DNAs are either integrated into the host genome to form the provirus or act as a target of the DNA damage response and become circularized. Little is known about the chromatinization status of the unintegrated retroviral DNAs of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate the nature of unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs and discovered that core histones, the histone variant H3.3, and H1 linker histones are all deposited onto extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA. We performed a time-course analysis and determined that the loading of core and linker histones occurred early after virus application. H3.3 and H1 linker histones were also found to be loaded onto unintegrated DNAs of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. The unintegrated retroviral DNAs are potently silenced, and we provide evidence that the suppression of extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA is histone-related. Unintegrated DNAs were marked by posttranslational histone modifications characteristic of transcriptionally inactive genes: high levels of H3K9 trimethylation and low levels of H3 acetylation. These findings reveal insights into the nature of unintegrated retroviral DNAs.
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