ArticleGut microbes2020
Origins of human milk microbiota: new evidence and arising questions.
Article in Gut microbes, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of Maternal Nutritional Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Infant Gut or Breastmilk Microbiota: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Delayed maturation of the milk microbiome in women with type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- The Human Milk Microbiome in Mothers of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Studies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multi-omic characterization of the sow colostrum and milk microbiome and proteome.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- A One Health Decalogue for Breastfeeding: Microbiota-Targeted Strategies for Infant Gastrointestinal and Neurodevelopmental Health.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota centered approaches for breast cancer intervention leveraging probiotics and postbiotics.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Off to a good start: current gaps and priorities in early-life microbiome research.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Beyond breastfeeding: a One Health Decalogue for nurturing the infant microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Article
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Coordination Between Treg Cells and Bifidobacterium in the Immune-Bacterial Network of Human Colostrum.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Long-Term Breastfeeding: Protective Effects Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and the Role of the Breast Microbiota.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Targeted Microbiota Therapy in the Prevention and Management of Puerperal Mastitis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Viable bacterial communities in freshly pumped human milk and their changes during cold storage conditions.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Observational
- Composition of the fecal, vaginal and colostrum microbiotas of dams at parturition and their relationship with neonatal outcomes in dogs.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Integrating the milk microbiome signatures in mastitis: milk-omics and functional implications.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Human Milk Archaea Associated with Neonatal Gut Colonization and Its Co-Occurrence with Bacteria.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Bacterial Community of Breast Milk in Breastfeeding Women Using Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Influence of Early Life Factors on the Breast Milk and Fecal Microbiota of Mother-Newborn Dyads.Microorganisms · 2024Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human milk contains a diverse community of bacteria. The growing appreciation of commensal microbes and increasing availability of high-throughput technology has set the stage for a theory-driven approach to the study of milk microbiota, and translation of this knowledge to improve maternal and child health. We recently profiled the milk microbiota of healthy Canadian mothers and applied theory-driven causal modeling, finding that mode of breast milk feeding (nursing directly at the breast vs. pumping and feeding breast milk from a bottle) was significantly associated with milk microbiota composition. This observation could reflect an increased exposure to pumps and/or a decreased exposure to the infant mouth. Either way, it provides evidence for the retrograde mechanism of milk inoculation. Here, we discuss the implications of this research and related controversies, and raise new questions about the origins and function of milk bacteria.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.