ReviewNutrients2019
Timing of Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Risk.
Review in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Food Intake According to Clock Gene Polymorphisms: A Systematic Review.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Pooled it
- Preventing and treating childhood obesity by sleeping better: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- The association between later eating rhythm and adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Later eating timing in relation to an individual internal clock is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and affected by genetic factors.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Effects of early, late and self-selected time-restricted eating on visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic health in participants with overweight or obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Impact of resistance training intensity on body composition and nutritional intake among college women with overweight and obesity: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The TREATY-FLD Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- An Earlier First Meal Timing Associates with Weight Loss Effectiveness in A 12-Week Weight Loss Support Program.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Effects of Timing of Acute and Consecutive Catechin Ingestion on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Mice and Humans.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Association between circadian rest-activity rhythm and meal timing: NHANES 2013-2014.Sleep health · 2026Article
- Article
- Temporal Dietary Patterns and Frailty in Korean Older Adults: Evening-Skewed and Morning-Evening Eating Patterns Associated with Frailty Risk.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Circadian Timing, Rather than Hydration Status, Determines Metabolic Adaptation to Ramadan-like Fasting in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Traditional and Non-Traditional Clustering Techniques for Identifying Chrononutrition Patterns in University Students.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Relationship between skipping breakfast and metabolic syndrome among adults aged 35-74 years: a cross-sectional study in Northwest China, 2018-2020.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Nutritional Interventions for Enhancing Sleep Quality: The Role of Diet and Key Nutrients in Regulating Sleep Patterns and Disorders.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Coefficient of Variation to Assess the Reproducibility of Meal-Induced Glycemic Responses: Development of a Clustering Algorithm.JMIR diabetes · 2025Article
- Can weekend catch-up sleep repay the sleep debt? Balancing short-term relief with long-term risks.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025Review
- Temporal control of eating and body weight by GHSR-expressing suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.Cell reports · 2025Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Eating is fundamental to survival. Animals choose when to eat depending on food availability. The timing of eating can synchronize different organs and tissues that are related to food digestion, absorption, or metabolism, such as the stomach, gut, liver, pancreas, or adipose tissue. Studies performed in experimental animal models suggest that food intake is a major external synchronizer of peripheral clocks. Therefore, the timing of eating may be decisive in fat accumulation and mobilization and affect the effectiveness of weight loss treatments. (2) Results: We will review multiple studies about the timing of the three main meals of the day, breakfast, lunch and dinner, and its potential impact on metabolism, glucose tolerance, and obesity-related factors. We will also delve into several mechanisms that may be implicated in the obesogenic effect of eating late. Conclusion: Unusual eating time can produce a disruption in the circadian system that might lead to unhealthy consequences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.