ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2019
Clinical validation of reduction in cocaine frequency level as an endpoint in clinical trials for cocaine use disorder.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evaluating Reduced Use and Abstinence as Outcomes in Pharmacotherapy Trials for Stimulant Use Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Gender differences in the impact of psychological distress on methamphetamine use disorder outcomes and treatment effect.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Contingency management for treatment attendance: A meta-analysis.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Pooled it
- Interim opioid agonist treatment for opioid addiction: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2022Pooled it
- Prescription psychostimulants for the treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy signals in a 12-week trial of clavulanic acid to decrease cocaine use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Quality-of-life improvements associated with reductions in cocaine-positive urine drug screens.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Trial
- A single-blind, randomized, controlled contingency management trial on physiological indices and biomarkers of cardiovascular health in people with cocaine use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Influence of cocaine use reduction on markers of immune function.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Trial
- Examining cocaine use reductions and long-term outcomes in two clinical trials of continuing care for cocaine dependence.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Trial
- Evaluating cannabis use risk reduction as an alternative clinical outcome for cannabis use disorder.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2022Trial
- Comparative effectiveness of social-contextual treatments for improving substance-related problems among Black adults: An individual-level data synthesis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- The measurement of harm reduction goals and outcomes for substance use: Current state and future directions.Journal of prevention and health promotion · 2026Article
- Levomethadone Selectively Reduces Emotional Impulsivity in ASRS-Positive ADHD-OUD Patients, Independent of Dose Escalation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Beyond frequency of use: Exploring additional metrics for quantifying cocaine use and their relation to life functioning and treatment outcome.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Sex-dependent modulation of behavioral allocation via ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens shell circuitry.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Exploring heterogeneity in recovery from substance use disorder following mindfulness-based relapse prevention: A latent profile analysis.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Contingency Management for Drug Use Disorders: Meta-Analysis and Application of Tolin's Criteria.Clinical psychology : a publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association · 2024Article
- Reduced drug use as an alternative valid outcome in individuals with stimulant use disorders: Findings from 13 multisite randomized clinical trials.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Molecular mechanisms underlying sex and treatment-dependent differences in an animal model of cue-exposure therapy for cocaine relapse prevention.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite calls for non-abstinence endpoints in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for cocaine use disorder, there is a lack of data validating non-abstinence endpoints. We conducted a clinical validation of reduction in cocaine frequency level as a non-abstinence endpoint in RCTs for cocaine use disorder (CUD).
methodsWe utilized a pooled dataset (n = 716; 63.6 % male, 51.4 % non-Hispanic white) from seven RCTs for CUD. We specified three cocaine frequency levels at baseline and end of treatment (EOT): abstinence, low frequency (1-4 days/month), and high frequency (5+ days/month). Multiple regression analyses were conducted.
resultsAmong the sample, 38.3 % had at least a one-level reduction from baseline to EOT, whereas 61.7 % did not change/increased frequency level. At least a one-level reduction in cocaine frequency level from baseline to EOT versus no change/increase was significantly associated with better functioning up to one year following treatment on measures of cocaine use, as well as psychological, employment, legal, and other drug use problem severity domains of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). We also conducted analyses only among those at the high frequency level at baseline and found those who reduced to low frequency use at EOT had similar outcomes at follow-up as those who reduced to abstinence.
conclusionsAt least a one-level reduction in cocaine frequency level from pretreatment to EOT can be a clinically meaningful endpoint given its relation to sustained clinical benefit up to one-year following treatment. These data parallel recent findings regarding reduction in drinking risk level among individuals with alcohol use disorder.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.