ReviewLearning & behavior2019
Reciprocity: Different behavioural strategies, cognitive mechanisms and psychological processes.
Review in Learning & behavior, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Payoff equivalence and complete strategy spaces of direct reciprocity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Efficiency Recalibrates Social-Emotional Trade-Offs Behind Partner Choice in Direct Reciprocity through Intention-Specific Neural Bases.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A rat model of volitional mutual social interactions.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Tonkean macaques do not prefer the helper or the hinderer in the hill paradigm.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Strategic third-party interventions in feral ungulate affiliation.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Norway rats recruit cooperation partners based on previous receipt of help while disregarding kinship.iScience · 2024Article
- The Association Between Motor Competence and Inhibitory Control in Preschool Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Unlocking academic achievement of nursing master's students: ethical leadership, teacher-student relationship and growth mindset - a cross-sectional survey study.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Do pet dogs reciprocate the receipt of food from familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics?Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie · 2024Article
- Article
- Cognitive Functions, Theory of Mind Abilities, and Personality Dispositions as Potential Predictors of the Detection of Reciprocity in Deceptive and Cooperative Contexts through Different Age Groups.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Assessment of help value affects reciprocation in Norway rats.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- Direct reciprocity between individuals that use different strategy spaces.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- The Myth of a Previous Asocial State: some Criticisms and Reflections.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2021Review
- Article
- The smell of cooperation: rats increase helpful behaviour when receiving odour cues of a conspecific performing a cooperative task.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reciprocity is probably one of the most debated theories in evolutionary research. After more than 40 years of research, some scientists conclude that reciprocity is an almost uniquely human trait mainly because it is cognitively demanding. Others, however, conclude that reciprocity is widespread and of great importance to many species. Yet, it is unclear how these species reciprocate, given its apparent cognitive complexity. Therefore, our aim was to unravel the psychological processes underlying reciprocity. By bringing together findings from studies investigating different aspects of reciprocity, we show that reciprocity is a rich concept with different behavioural strategies and cognitive mechanisms that require very different psychological processes. We reviewed evidence from three textbook examples, i.e. the Norway rat, common vampire bat and brown capuchin monkey, and show that the species use different strategies and mechanisms to reciprocate. We continue by examining the psychological processes of reciprocity. We show that the cognitive load varies between different forms of reciprocity. Several factors can lower the memory demands of reciprocity such as distinctiveness of encounters, memory of details and network size. Furthermore, there are different information operation systems in place, which also vary in their cognitive load due to assessing the number of encounters and the quality and quantity of help. We conclude that many species possess the psychological processes to show some form of reciprocity. Hence, reciprocity might be a widespread phenomenon that varies in terms of strategies and mechanisms.
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