ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2019
Changing diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in Sweden - a stepped wedge national cluster randomised controlled trial - the CDC4G study protocol.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health Economic Evaluation Alongside Stepped Wedge Trials: A Methodological Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Pooled it
- Choice of Growth Standard and Interpretation of Large for Gestational Age Outcomes: Evidence From the CDC4G Trial.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Trial
- Changing diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes (CDC4G) in Sweden: A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial.PLoS medicine · 2024Trial
- Postpartum Glycaemic Phenotype and Continuous Glucose Monitoring at 4-6 Years After Gestational Diabetes Defined by Different Diagnostic Criteria.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: the role of ethnicity and geography in risk and outcomes.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Glycosylated fibronectin as a biomarker to predict gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester of pregnancy.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Sleeping for two: a cross-sectional study on associations between objectively measured sleep during early to mid-pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes and inflammatory biomarker profiles.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes mellitus association to pregnancy outcomes: A national register-based cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- To neutrally offer or strongly recommend? General practitioners' perspectives on screening for gestational diabetes according to the national guideline in Norway.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2024Article
- Applying WHO2013 diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus reveals currently untreated women at increased risk.Acta diabetologica · 2023Article
- Gestational diabetes mellitus and time in active labor: A population-based cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Follow-up and screening for type-2 diabetes mellitus in women with previous gestational diabetes in primary care.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2023Article
- Midwives' and Diabetes Nurses' Experience of Screening and Care of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Interview Study.Nursing research and practice · 2023Article
- Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Article
- Pregnancy, perinatal and childhood outcomes in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome and metformin during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2022Article
- Does gestational diabetes increase the risk of maternal kidney disease? A Swedish national cohort study.PloS one · 2022Article
- Association between folic acid use during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: Two population-based Nordic cohort studies.PloS one · 2022Article
- Migrant Middle Eastern women with gestational diabetes seven years after delivery - positive long-term development of beliefs about health and illness shown in follow-up interviews.Primary health care research & development · 2021Article
- Comparison of Pregnancy Outcomes Using Different Gestational Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Thresholds in Multiethnic Communities between Two Tertiary Centres in Australian and New Zealand: Do They Make a Difference?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe optimal criteria to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remain contested. The Swedish National Board of Health introduced the 2013 WHO criteria in 2015 as a recommendation for initiation of treatment for hyperglycaemia during pregnancy. With variation in GDM screening and diagnostic practice across the country, it was agreed that the shift to new guidelines should be in a scientific and structured way. The aim of the Changing Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes (CDC4G) in Sweden ( www.cdc4g.se/en ) is to evaluate the clinical and health economic impacts of changing diagnostic criteria for GDM in Sweden and to create a prospective cohort to compare the many long-term outcomes in mother and baby under the old and new diagnostic approaches.
methodsThis is a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial, comparing pregnancy outcomes before and after the switch in GDM criteria across 11 centres in a randomised manner. The trial includes all pregnant women screened for GDM across the participating centres during January-December 2018, approximately two thirds of all pregnancies in Sweden in a year. Women with pre-existing diabetes will be excluded. Data will be collected through the national Swedish Pregnancy register and for follow up studies other health registers will be included. DISCUSSION: The stepped wedge RCT was chosen to be the best study design for evaluating the shift from old to new diagnostic criteria of GDM in Sweden. The national quality registers provide data on the whole pregnant population and gives a possibility for follow up studies of both mother and child. The health economic analysis from the study will give a solid evidence base for future changes in order to improve immediate pregnancy, as well as long term, outcomes for mother and child.
trial registrationCDC4G is listed on the ISRCTN registry with study ID ISRCTN41918550 (15/12/2017).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.