ArticleJournal of health politics, policy and law2020
The Grassroots of Grass: Cannabis Legalization Ballot Initiative Campaign Contributions and Outcomes, 2004-2016.
Article in Journal of health politics, policy and law, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring pain management preferences: a discrete choice experiment on cannabis or opioids among middle-aged and older adults.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- When Public Will Meets Legislative Resistance: Five Lessons from Ohio's Issue 2 Cannabis Legalization Controversy.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2025Article
- Cannabis industry campaign expenditures in Colorado, 2005-2021.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Review
- Effectiveness of Narrative Messaging Styles about the Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities in Ontario, Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Associations between smoking trajectories, smoke-free laws and cigarette taxes in a longitudinal sample of youth and young adults.PloS one · 2021Article
- Public Health and Medicine's Need to Respond to Cannabis Commercialization in the United States: A Commentary.Journal of psychoactive drugsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextAs of November 2018, medical cannabis was legal in 33 US states and recreational cannabis in 10, mostly enacted via ballot initiative.
methodsWe identified 32 cannabis legalization initiatives from 2004 to 2016 and obtained campaign contribution and state political and demographic data. After exploratory analyses of 15 potential independent variables, we quantified effects of 4 factors (initiative year, voter turnout, population born before 1946, advocate funding advantage) on voter support and likelihood of passage.
findingsA small number of campaign contributors dominated both sides of the issue, with little involvement by health advocates. Time and turnout, not money, were the factors most associated with electoral outcomes, consistent with increases in public opinion favoring cannabis legalization over time. Year, turnout, and population age were associated with voter support, while year, turnout, and advocate funding advantage were associated with likelihood of passage. When adjusting for an anomalous result, initiative year was the only variable that remained significantly associated with odds of passage, with a 1-year increase in initiative date associated with 2.02 times higher odds of passage (p < .01).
conclusionThese results underscore the importance of health advocate participation in developing cannabis legalization frameworks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.