ReviewJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology2020
Metabolic Bone Disease in Premature Neonates: An Unmet Challenge
Review in Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevention and management of metabolic bone disease of prematurity: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Pooled it
- Improving Vitamin D Status in Preterm Newborns: A Randomized Trial of 800 vs. 400 IU/Day.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Vitamin D status and response to supplementation in very preterm infants: A prospective cohort study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Observational
- Article
- Daily clinical markers in metabolic bone disease of prematurity.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Deep learning model for identification of metabolic bone disease of prematurity using wrist radiographs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of Donor Human Milk and Formula Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants Receiving Mother's Own Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Implementation of Parenteral Nutrition Formulations with Increased Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations and Its Impact on Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Surviving prematurity: retrospective longitudinal study of multisystem consequences in preterm-born individuals from infancy to adolescence.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Molecular Biology of Placental Transport of Calcium to the Human Foetus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Metabolic bone disease of prematurity screening and individualized enteral mineral supplementation in high-risk neonates: a quality improvement initiative.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Human milk derived fortifiers are associated with glucose, phosphorus, and calcium derangements.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Role of fibroblast growth factor-23 as an early marker of metabolic bone disease of prematurity.BMC pediatrics · 2024Observational
- Diagnostics of Metabolic Bone Disease in Extremely Preterm Infants-Clinical Applicability of Bone Turnover Biochemical Markers and Quantitative Ultrasound.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nomogram for predicting early hypophosphatemia in term infants.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Incidence of metabolic bone disease in neonates under 32 gestational weeks at the Hospital Universitario de Santander in Colombia.Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2024Article
- Association of Serum Calcium Levels of Preterm Neonates at Birth with Calcium Intake from Foods and Supplements by Bedridden Women during Pregnancy.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of early preventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus on metabolic bone disease in premature infants.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Effects of two-stage preterm formulas on growth, nutritional biomarkers, and neurodevelopment in preterm infants.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Diagnosis, treatment, and management of rickets: a position statement from the Bone and Mineral Metabolism Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is an important cause of morbidity in premature, very low birth weight (VLBW) and sick infants and, if left undiagnosed, may lead to structural deformities and spontaneous fractures. MBD is defined as impaired bone mineralization in a neonate with lower than expected bone mineral levels in either a fetus or a neonate of comparable gestational age and/or weight, coupled with biochemical abnormalities with or without accompanying radiological manifestations. MBD has been reported to occur in 16% to 40% of extremely low birth weight neonates and presents by 6-16 weeks after birth. Insufficient calcium and phosphorous stores during the phase of accelerated growth predispose to MBD in neonates along with the use of some medications such as caffeine or steroids, prolonged parenteral nutrition and chronic immobilization. Enhanced physical activity in preterm infants facilitates bone mineralization and weight gain. Biochemical abnormalities tend to worsen significantly, as the severity of disease progresses. These abnormalities may include hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, urinary phosphate wasting and hypovitaminosis D can be additional complications. Conversely, biochemical abnormalities may not be accompanied by rachitic changes. Newer diagnostic modalities include non-invasive bone densitometry by quantitative ultrasound over the mid-tibial shaft. The management of MBD includes adequate calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D supplementation, along with optimum nutrition and physical activity. Similarly, preventive strategies for MBD should target nutritional enhancement in combination with enhanced physical activity. MBD usually results in preventable morbidity in preterm and VLBW neonates. Treatment consists of optimum nutritional supplementation and enhanced physical activity.
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Registered trials
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