ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Factors Affecting Urinary tt-Muconic Acid Detection among Benzene Exposed Workers at Gasoline Stations.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Benzene exposure and health risk assessment among workers in informal footwear workshops: A cross-sectional study in Medan, Indonesia.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of synergistic factors on BTEX urinary biomarkers in motorcycle riders exposed to heavy traffic in a megacity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessment of Exposure to Benzene Among Gasoline Station Workers in Thailand: Risk Assessment Matrix Methods.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Metabolites of traffic-related volatile organic compounds in age-related macular degeneration.PeerJ · 2025Article
- Smoke exposure associated with higher urinary benzene biomarker muconic acid (MUCA) in Golestan Cohort Study participants.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2023Article
- Review
- Factors Affecting Adverse Health Effects of Gasoline Station Workers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Biomatrix of health risk assessment of benzene-exposed workers at Thai gasoline stations.Journal of occupational health · 2021Article
- Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Benzene in Port Workers.Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) is a metabolite that is widely used as a biomarker to identify low exposure to benzene, a human carcinogen. This study aimed to investigate occupational factors related to the urinary tt-MA detection of benzene exposed workers in gasoline stations. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for tt-MA using a high performance liquid chromatography. Additional data were collected via subject interviews using a structured questionnaire. The personal benzene concentration was measured and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Results showed that, among the 170 workers, tt-MA was detected in 24.7% of workers and the concentration ranged from 23.0 to 1127.8 µg/g creatinine. Over 25% of those detections possessing tt-MA exceeding the recommended 500 µg/g creatinine was safe. A multiple logistic regression analysis identified that factors significantly associated with the detectable tt-MA were having no other part-time jobs (ORadj = 4.2), personal benzene concentrations of 0.05 ppm or higher (ORadj = 10.3), close to fuel nozzle during refuelling (ORadj = 93.7), and no job training (ORadj = 2.74). Safety training is recommended for those tt-MA detected workers or under a reference benzene concentration of 0.05 ppm or higher. The proposed reference of occupational action level to benzene exposure is 0.05 ppm and compliance could be assessed tt-MA for biomonitoring of those benzene exposed workers.
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