ReviewPLoS pathogens2019
Twenty years of West Nile virus spread and evolution in the Americas visualized by Nextstrain.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 150 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying genomic surveillance gaps in Africa for the global public health response to West Nile virus: a systematic review.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Pooled it
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Nextstrain automates real-time phylogenetic analysis of open data for endemic and emerging pathogens.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Patterns of emergence and circulation of West Nile Virus in Algeria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Human antibodies against West Nile and related orthoflaviviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Serological Evidence of Flavivirus Exposure and Limited Avian Influenza Exposure in Urban House Martins from Southwestern Spain.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Clashing in Murky Waters: On Amphibian Mosquito Suppression.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Serological evidence of West Nile virus in blood donors from a city on the northern border of mexico: a cross-sectional study.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Downregulation of thioredoxin-like 1 contributes to miconazole's antiviral activity against West Nile virus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of a severe West Nile Virus transmission season using a single reaction amplicon sequencing approach.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic insights into the transmission dynamics of arthropod-borne viruses.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Genomics in Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance: An Exploratory Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Active West Nile virus transmission in Brazil: an epidemiological study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- β-Actin as an Endogenous Control Gene in Real-Time PCR for Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus in Mosquitoes.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of arboviruses discovered between the 1950s and 1980s.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Molecules to spillover: how climate warming impacts mosquito-borne viruses.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- West Nile virus in Culex mosquitoes and dead birds from the San Gabriel Valley, California, 2021-2022.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of Murray Valley encephalitis virus 1951-2020 identified via phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Interleukin-17A signaling promotes CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity against West Nile virus infection through enhancing PI3K-mTOR-mediated metabolism.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It has been 20 years since West Nile virus first emerged in the Americas, and since then, little progress has been made to control outbreaks caused by this virus. After its first detection in New York in 1999, West Nile virus quickly spread across the continent, causing an epidemic of human disease and massive bird die-offs. Now the virus has become endemic to the United States, where an estimated 7 million human infections have occurred, making it the leading mosquito-borne virus infection and the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the country. To bring new attention to one of the most important mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas, we provide an interactive review using Nextstrain: a visualization tool for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution (nextstrain.org/WNV/NA). Nextstrain utilizes a growing database of more than 2,000 West Nile virus genomes and harnesses the power of phylogenetics for students, educators, public health workers, and researchers to visualize key aspects of virus spread and evolution. Using Nextstrain, we use virus genomics to investigate the emergence of West Nile virus in the U S, followed by its rapid spread, evolution in a new environment, establishment of endemic transmission, and subsequent international spread. For each figure, we include a link to Nextstrain to allow the readers to directly interact with and explore the underlying data in new ways. We also provide a brief online narrative that parallels this review to further explain the data and highlight key epidemiological and evolutionary features (nextstrain.org/narratives/twenty-years-of-WNV). Mirroring the dynamic nature of outbreaks, the Nextstrain links provided within this paper are constantly updated as new West Nile virus genomes are shared publicly, helping to stay current with the research. Overall, our review showcases how genomics can track West Nile virus spread and evolution, as well as potentially uncover novel targeted control measures to help alleviate its public health burden.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.