ArticlePharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior2019
Differential expression of nicotine withdrawal as a function of developmental age in the rat.
Article in Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adolescent nicotine administration increases nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and functional connectivity in specific cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits.Brain communications · 2022Article
- Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract upregulates nicotinic receptor binding in adult and adolescent rats.Neuropharmacology · 2020Article
- Unique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and resultant nicotine dependence remain major public health problems. Most smokers begin before the age of 18, yet preclinical models have insufficiently characterized the development of nicotine dependence in adolescence. To categorize the short-term effects of chronic nicotine administration throughout adolescence and adulthood, we exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 14 days of continuously delivered nicotine (0, 1.2 or 4.8 mg/kg/d) using a subcutaneous osmotic minipump, starting between postnatal day 33 (p33) and p96. Next, to explore the effects of extended exposure to chronic nicotine, we exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to 42 days of continuous nicotine starting in adolescence (p33) or early adulthood (p68). Somatic and affective signs of precipitated withdrawal (PW) were observed after a mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge as compared to a saline injection. Short term nicotine exposure starting at p96, well within the adult period, elicited a significant increase in somatic PW as measured by a composite behavioral score. In contrast, adolescent exposure to nicotine elicited a unique behavioral profile, dependent on the starting age of exposure. Late adolescence exposure was characterized by scratching while adult exposure was characterized by facial tremors and yawns. Extended exposure to nicotine resulted in age specific characteristic nicotine withdrawal behaviors, including scratches, ptosis and locomotion, distinct from the short-term exposure. Thus, nicotine dependence severity, based on the expression of total somatic PW behaviors, is not observed until the adult period, and differences between adolescents and adults are observed using a more nuanced behavioral scoring approach. We conclude that age of nicotine initiation affects somatic withdrawal signs and their magnitude. These data serve as a foundation for understanding the underlying brain mechanisms of nicotine dependence and their development over adolescence and early adulthood.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.