ArticleVaccine2020
Associations between ethnicity, social contact, and pneumococcal carriage three years post-PCV10 in Fiji.
Article in Vaccine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Examining wealth-related inequality in childhood vaccination in Fiji using the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2021.International health · 2026Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for tuberculosis transmission in four low- and middle-income countries.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for infectious disease transmission in four low- and middle-income countries, 2021-2023.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Characterizing social behavior relevant for tuberculosis transmission in four low- and middle-income countries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Identification of age-group reservoirs for persistent vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Article
- Social contacts and mixing patterns in rural Gambia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pre-vaccination carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among internally displaced people in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2024Article
- Article
- The impact of introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage in Nigeria.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Social mixing patterns relevant to infectious diseases spread by close contact in urban Blantyre, Malawi.Epidemics · 2022Article
- Pneumococcal Carriage in Infants Post-PCV10 Introduction in Pakistan: Results from Serial Cross-Sectional Surveys.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Association of pneumococcal carriage in infants with the risk of carriage among their contacts in Nha Trang, Vietnam: A nested cross-sectional survey.PLoS medicine · 2022Article
- Factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage: A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Direct and indirect effects of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage in children hospitalised with pneumonia from formal and informal settlements in Mongolia: an observational study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2021Article
- Levels of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage and indirect protection against invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia hospitalisations in Australia: An observational study.PLoS medicine · 2021Observational
- Social Contact Patterns and Implications for Infectious Disease Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Contact Surveys.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2021Article
- Who should be prioritised for COVID-19 vaccination?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- The impact of the rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea, five years following national introduction in Fiji.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPneumococcal carriage is a prerequisite for pneumococcal disease. Little is known about whether social contact frequency and intensity are associated with pneumococcal carriage. In Fiji, indigenous iTaukei have higher prevalence of pneumococcal carriage compared with Fijians of Indian Descent (FID). We hypothesised that contact differences may contribute to ethnic differences in pneumococcal carriage prevalence and density.
methodsIn 2015, young infants (5-8 weeks), toddlers (12-23 months), children (2-6 years), and caregivers from Suva and surrounding areas, participated in a cross-sectional survey (n = 2014), three years post pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. Demographic and contact data, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. Pneumococci were detected, and quantified using quantitative real-time PCR, with molecular serotyping by microarray. Associations between ethnicity, contact, and pneumococcal carriage and density were estimated using multivariable generalised estimating equation regression models.
resultsiTaukei participants had larger household sizes, higher pneumococcal carriage rates, more contacts, and more frequent contacts of longer duration, compared with FID. The odds of vaccine-type carriage increased by 28% (95% CI 8-53%) P < 0.01 in association with physical contact with 7-14 year old children. iTaukei ethnicity was associated with vaccine-type carriage (aOR) 1.73; 95% CI 1.06-2.82, P = 0.03) and non-vaccine type carriage (aOR 5.98; 95% CI 4.47-8.00, P < 0.01). Ethnicity and contact were not associated with pneumococcal density.
conclusionsiTaukei had greater frequency and intensity of contact compared with FID. Physical contact was associated with pneumococcal carriage. Observed differences in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence between iTaukei and FID were not explained by differences in social contact patterns by ethnicity.
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