ReviewClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Outbreaks: A Worldwide Review, 1990-2018.
Review in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review on the laboratory methodology for conducting wastewater and environmental surveillance forFrontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Article
- Some zoonotic infectious diseases are prevalent among children under 15 years of age in Ardabil Province, northern Iran.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Xylose utilization promotesVirulence · 2024Article
- Protective Role of Indole-3-Acetic Acid AgainstMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Typhoid & paratyphoid vaccine development in the laboratory: a review & in-country experience.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Spatial heterogeneity of socio-economic determinants of typhoid/paratyphoid fever in one province in central China from 2015 to 2019.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Nitric oxide is a host cue for Salmonella Typhimurium systemic infection in mice.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing reveal real etiological characteristics of invasiveEmerging microbes & infections · 2022Article
- Paratyphoid Fever A: Infection and Prevention.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Meteorological and social conditions contribute to infectious diarrhea in China.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Geographic Pattern of Typhoid Fever in India: A Model-Based Estimate of Cohort and Surveillance Data.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Factors Predicting Blood Culture Positivity in Children With Enteric Fever.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- The occurrence and control of waterborne viruses in drinking water treatment: A review.Chemosphere · 2021Review
- Engineering a Novel Bivalent Oral Vaccine against Enteric Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Typhoid Outbreaks, 1989-2018: Implications for Prevention and Control.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Review
- The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program Highlights the Need for Broad Deployment of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnalyses of the global spatial and temporal distribution of enteric fever outbreaks worldwide are important factors to consider in estimating the disease burden of enteric fever disease burden.
methodsWe conducted a global literature review of enteric fever outbreak data by systematically using multiple databases from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 and classified them by time, place, diagnostic methods, and drug susceptibility, to illustrate outbreak characteristics including spatial and temporal patterns.
resultsThere were 180 940 cases in 303 identified outbreaks caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). The size of outbreak ranged from 1 to 42 564. Fifty-one percent of outbreaks occurred in Asia, 15% in Africa, 14% in Oceania, and the rest in other regions. Forty-six percent of outbreaks specified confirmation by blood culture, and 82 outbreaks reported drug susceptibility, of which 54% had multidrug-resistant pathogens. Paratyphoid outbreaks were less common compared to typhoid (22 vs 281) and more prevalent in Asia than Africa. Risk factors were multifactorial, with contaminated water being the main factor.
conclusionsEnteric fever outbreak burden remains high in endemic low- and middle-income countries and, despite its limitations, outbreak data provide valuable contemporary evidence in prioritizing resources, public health policies, and actions. This review highlights geographical locations where urgent attention is needed for enteric fever control and calls for global action to prevent and contain outbreaks.
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