SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Occurrence of Typhoid Fever Complications and Their Relation to Duration of Illness Preceding Hospitalization: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Trial
- Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with paratyphoid a fever: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
- Article
- Typhoid fever in pregnancy - a South Australian perspective.Obstetric medicine · 2025Article
- The TyphiNET data visualisation dashboard: unlocking Salmonella Typhi genomics data to support public health.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Imported Typhoid Fever in Romania Between 2010 and 2024.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Biochemical indices of patients with enteric fever and pancreatitis: A comparative cross-sectional study.Practical laboratory medicine · 2024Article
- Remediation of multifarious metal ions and molecular docking assessment for pathogenic microbe disinfection in aqueous solution by waste-derived Ca-MOF.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- A Prolonged Outbreak of Enteric Fever Associated With Illegal Miners in the City of Matlosana, South Africa, November 2020-September 2022.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Typhoid intestinal perforation in Francophone Africa, a scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Case Report: An Imported Case of Typhoid Fever Combined with Rhabdomyolysis and Multiple Organ Lesions in China.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Spatial heterogeneity of socio-economic determinants of typhoid/paratyphoid fever in one province in central China from 2015 to 2019.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Characterization of Typhoid Intestinal Perforation in Africa: Results From the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- What Should We Be Recommending for the Treatment of Enteric Fever?Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundComplications from typhoid fever disease have been estimated to occur in 10%-15% of hospitalized patients, with evidence of a higher risk in children and when delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. We estimated the prevalence of complications in hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever and the effects of delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment and age on the prevalence and risk of complications.
methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using studies in the PubMed database. We rated risk of bias and conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Days of disease at hospitalization (DDA) was used as a surrogate for delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. Analyses were stratified by DDA (DDA <10 versus ≥10 mean/median days of disease) and by age (children versus adults). Differences in risk were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated with the I2 value and funnel plot analysis, respectively.
resultsThe pooled prevalence of complications estimated among hospitalized typhoid fever patients was 27% (95% CI, 21%-32%; I2 = 90.9%, P < .0001). Patients with a DDA ≥ 10 days presented higher prevalence (36% [95% CI, 29%-43%]) and three times greater risk of severe disease (OR, 3.00 [95% CI, 2.14-4.17]; P < .0001) than patients arriving earlier (16% [95% CI, 13%- 18%]). Difference in prevalence and risk by age groups were not significant.
conclusionsThis meta-analysis identified a higher overall prevalence of complications than previously reported and a strong association between duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization and risk of serious complications.
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