ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2020
Spread of Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2018-2019 Season.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Orally Ingested Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics as Countermeasures for Respiratory Tract Infections in Nonelderly Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Relative Effectiveness of Cell-Cultured versus Egg-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-Related Outcomes in Subjects 18 Years Old or Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of a yeast postbiotic on cold/flu symptoms in healthy children: A randomized-controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2024Trial
- Induction of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody and Polyfunctional CD4+ T-Cell Responses by a Recombinant Matrix-M-Adjuvanted Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Impaired memory B-cell recall responses in the elderly following recurrent influenza vaccination.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Absolute and Relative Effectiveness of Cell Culture-Based and Egg-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine Products From the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Seasons, US Flu VE Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Observational
- Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalization in Children and the Effects of Repeated Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Interim Estimates of 2025-26 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, September 2025-February 2026.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- Assessing CD8Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Assessment of hemagglutinin-inhibition activity following influenza vaccination during the 2022-2023, 2023-2024, and 2024-2025 seasons.PloS one · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations in adults with liver disease, 2015-2020: US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Australian preferences for influenza vaccine attributes and cost: A discrete choice experiment.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Using Linked Public Health Information Systems, California, 2023-2024 Season.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza vaccine strain selection with an AI-based evolutionary and antigenicity model.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 1 September 2023 to 31 May 2024.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters for Children, Adolescents, and Adults During the 2023-2024 Season, United States.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncreased illness due to antigenically drifted A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a influenza viruses prompted concerns about vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine strain selection. We used US virologic surveillance and US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network data to evaluate consequences of this clade.
methodsDistribution of influenza viruses was described using virologic surveillance data. The Flu VE Network enrolled ambulatory care patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated VE, comparing the odds of influenza among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants.
resultsDuring the 2018-2019 influenza season, A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses caused an increasing proportion of influenza cases. Among 2763 Flu VE Network case patients, 1325 (48%) were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1350 (49%) with A(H3N2); clade 3C.3a accounted for 977 (93%) of 1054 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses. VE was 44% (95% confidence interval, 37%-51%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 and 9% (-4% to 20%) against A(H3N2); VE was 5% (-10% to 19%) against A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses.
conclusionsThe predominance of A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses during the latter part of the 2018-2019 season was associated with decreased VE, supporting the A(H3N2) vaccine component update for 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.