ReviewJournal of ophthalmology2019
Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Retinal and Choroidal Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of firsthand tobacco smoking on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Pooled it
- Assessing acute nicotine impact on choroidal thickness: a randomized, double-blinded study comparing smoking cessation aids, including nicotine gum and electronic cigarettes.International ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Article
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Young-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Croatia: Risk Factors and a Predictive Economic Model for National Screening.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- First Clinical Evidence Linking Smoking to Increased Postoperative Macular and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Cataract Surgery Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Relationship between choroidal structure and myocardial collateral flow regulation in acute and chronic coronary heart disease.International ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Effects of cigarette smoking on retinal thickness and choroidal vascularity index: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Review
- Retinal biomarkers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: evidence and implications for the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Ocular effects of synthetic cannabinoids: a case-control study.Eye (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Artificial intelligence in stroke risk assessment and management via retinal imaging.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2025Review
- Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography in Bipolar Disorder: A Scoping Review.Neuropsychobiology · 2025Article
- On the improvement of schizophrenia detection with optical coherence tomography data using deep neural networks and aggregation functions.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploration of Choroidal Thinning Located Temporal to the Fovea: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Assessment of Retinal Microangiopathy in Patients with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography-A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Tropicamide-Phenylephrine Mydriatic Eye Drop Instillation on Choroidal Thickness.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Impact of cigarette smoking on fluorescence lifetime of ocular fundus.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Insights into human health from phenome- and genome-wide analyses of UK Biobank retinal optical coherence tomography phenotypes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Subretinal drusenoid deposits as a biomarker of age-related macular degeneration progression via reduction of the choroidal vascularity index.Eye (London, England) · 2023Observational
- Reticular Pseudodrusen Are Associated With More Advanced Para-Central Photoreceptor Degeneration in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Increased Systemic C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Choroidal Thinning in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCigarette smoking has been regarded as a risk factor for the incidence of a wide variety of chronic illness; however, its effect on thickness of the retina or choroid is still unknown.
methodsA consummate literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase up to January, 2018. The quantitative synthesis was conducted by Stata 12.0.
resultsA total of 13 observational studies were included in this meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis of all available observational studies, no significant effect of tobacco smoking on retinal or choroidal thickness change was detected. However, advanced analyses showed that smoking would influence the thickness of RNFL (average: SMD, -0.332; 95% CI, -0.637 to -0.027; inferior: SMD, -0.632; 95% CI, -1.092 to -0.172; and superior: SMD, -0.720; 95% CI, -0.977 to -0.463) and GCL (superior: SMD, -0.549; 95% CI, -0.884 to -0.215; inferior: SMD, -0.602; 95% CI, -0.938 to -0.265). Meanwhile, subgroup analyses demonstrated that the results based on studies in some regions (America and Africa) and cross-sectional studies showed a reduced choroidal thickness in smokers. No publication bias was detected in this study.
conclusionIn conclusion, no significant effect of tobacco smoking on retinal or choroidal thickness change was detected. However, smoking would influence the thickness of RNFL and GCL. Future research on this field would help in the prevention and treatment of smoking-associated disorders.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.