ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2019
PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenetic Underpinnings of Inflammation: A Key to Unlock the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Crosslink Between Neuroinflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Status in the Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment: Prognostic and Theranostic Impact.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- KLRG1 silencing increases the efficacy of CAR NK cell therapy against colon cancer via SHP-2/ZAP-70/NF-κB signal pathway.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting phase separation: a new strategy to disrupt the stromal-immune axis in colorectal cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Surface-engineered dual drug-loaded tumor-targeted liposomal nanoparticles to overcome the therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma multiforme.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Therapeutic vaccination for glioblastoma elicited by retargeted oncolytic herpes virus.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) Modulates Chemokine Production Via the TLR4/TRAF6 Signaling Axis During LPS + IFN-γ-Induced Endotoxemia-mimicked Sepsis.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Chlorpromazine activates cGAS-STING signaling and reprograms the immune response in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- SHP2 in TAMs promoted the survival of gastric adenocarcinoma via suppressing the P38/ERK1/2/SP1/BRD4/STING induced inflammation and ROS.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Influence of the Cholinergic System on the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma: Impact of the Neutrophil Granulocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a novel glioblastoma prognostic model: identifying STOX1 and ZNF248 as ferroptosis-related biomarkers.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Interferon-gamma signaling pathway: Modulation of key genes in the progression of glioblastoma.World journal of biological chemistry · 2025Review
- Sanggenol L Enhances Temozolomide Drug Sensitivity by Inhibiting Mitophagy and Inducing Apoptosis Through the Regulation of the TRIM16-OPTN Axis in Glioblastoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Surface-engineered dual drug-loaded tumor-targeted liposomal nanoparticles to overcome the therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma multiforme.Research square · 2025Article
- EGFR gene amplification in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas: an integrative bioinformatic and histopathological analysis using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- PD-L1 autoregulation promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells via GP130/JAK2/STAT3/IRAK2/IL6 signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dual-action nanotherapy: Temozolomide-loaded, anti-PD-L1 scFv-functionalized lipid nanocarriers for targeted glioblastoma therapy.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2025Article
- Dual molecularly imprinted nanocomposite with transferrin mediated glioma targeting and cholesterol exhaustion for synergistic cuproptosis/immune checkpoint blockade/immunogenic cell death.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Toll-Like Receptors in the Immunotherapy Era: Dual-Edged Swords of Tumor Immunity and Clinical Translation.MedComm · 2025Review
- Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses. Glioblastoma multiforme cells induce PD-L1 secretion by activation of various receptors such as toll like receptor (TLR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR), interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR). Binding of the PD-1 ligand to the PD-1 receptor activates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, which dephosphorylates Zap 70, and this inhibits T cell proliferation and downregulates lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. Relevant studies demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 in glioma correlates with WHO grading and could be considered as a tumor biomarker. Studies in preclinical GBM mouse models confirmed the safety and efficiency of monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Satisfactory results such as significant regression of tumor mass and longer animal survival time were observed. Monoclonal antibodies inhibiting PD-1 and PD-L1 are being tested in clinical trials concerning patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.