ArticlePloS one2019
Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: A case-control study.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission through Acupuncture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi · 2023Pooled it
- Meta-analysis: risk of hepatitis C virus infection associated with hospital-based invasive procedures.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Dermatological and Ophthalmological Inflammatory, Infectious, and Tumoral Tattoo-Related Reactions: A Systematic Review.The Permanente journal · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Epidemiological risk factors of hepatitis C infection in district Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh: A case- control study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN LAFIA METROPOLIS, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.African journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- [Seroprevalence and risk factor for hepatitis C in Nogales, Sonora].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2024Article
- Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination in Africa: Insights from Egypt.Hepatic medicine : evidence and research · 2024Review
- Hepatitis C infection seroprevalence in pregnant women worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Epidemiological correlates of hepatitis C infection- A case control analysis from a tertiary care hospital.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- Barriers to scaling up hepatitis C treatment in Malaysia: a qualitative study with key stakeholders.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Unsafe Practices Associated with HCV Infection Among Adults: A Case Control Study.International journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatitis C infection is a global public health problem. This study was designed to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia. A matched, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Cases were adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients with positive serology test results for hepatitis C virus antibody and detectable hepatitis C virus RNA from January 2015 to December 2018, and controls were age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched patients who were not infected with hepatitis C virus. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics and previous exposure to selected risk factors among the study participants. Associations between hepatitis C and demographic and risk factors were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 255 case-control patient pairs were enrolled. The multivariable analysis indicated that having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.73-13.81), injection drug use (AOR = 6.60, 95% CI: 3.66-12.43), imprisonment (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.62-16.40), tattooing (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.37-12.00), having more than one sexual partner (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.16-3.69), piercing (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04-2.80), and having only secondary education (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.06-3.57) were independently associated with hepatitis C. No associations were found between health care occupation, needle-prick injury, surgical procedures, haemodialysis, acupuncture, cupping, or contact sports and hepatitis C infection. These findings demonstrate that hepatitis C risk is multifactorial. Having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992, injection drug use, imprisonment, tattooing, having more than one sexual partner, piercing, and having only secondary education were associated with increased odds of hepatitis C.
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